Bacteria (example of monera)

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Mind Map on Bacteria (example of monera), created by martina wan on 28/10/2016.
martina wan
Mind Map by martina wan, updated more than 1 year ago
martina wan
Created by martina wan about 8 years ago
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Resource summary

Bacteria (example of monera)
  1. What are they: They are unicellular organisms, prokaryotes (no membrane bound nucleus/ organelle)
    1. They're classified according to 3 shapes: Spherical, Rod and Spiral. These are all bacterial cells
      1. Spiral: (spirrillum) e.g treponema pallidum (syphillis)
        1. Spherical: (cocci) e.g staphylococcus aureus (pneumonia and throat infection)
          1. Rod: (bacillus) e.g bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
            1. Always present: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome, loop of DNA
              1. cell wall: protects cell, supports and strengthens cell
                1. cell membrane: retains cell contents and controls what passes in and out of the cell
                  1. cytoplasm: fluid that contains cell organelles
                    1. ribosome: makes protein
                      1. Loop of DNA: contains genes that control the cell
                      2. Sometimes present: flagella, capsule(dry or slime layer(moist) and plasmid
                        1. flagella: allows cell to move/swim
                          1. capsule/slime layer: prevents water loss
                            1. plasmid: contains genes
                        2. Reproduction
                          1. is asexual
                            1. method is known as binary fission
                            2. 1) DNA replicates and move to each end of the cell (they elongate)
                              1. 2) Cell membrane and cell wall pinch in to form two separate cells
                                1. 3) Each contains its own loop of DNA, they are known as daughter cells
                            3. Endospores
                              1. is a tough resistant cell that forms around one of the loops of DNA inside the existing cells
                                1. Can survive unfavourable conditions
                                2. Conditions for bacterial growth
                                  1. Nutrition, Temperature, Oxygen, concentration, pH, External solute concentration, Pressure
                                  2. Growth curve:
                                    1. A)Lag phase B)Log phase C)Stationary phase D)Decline phase E)Survival phase
                                      1. Lag phase- does not change as it's reacting to the new environment
                                        1. Log phase- increases rapidly to reproduce at the maximum rate
                                          1. Stationary phase- does not change as the bacteria may be short for food, water, space or oxygen
                                            1. Decline phase- falls rapidly because the death rate is greater than the reproduction rate
                                              1. Survival phase- small number of bacteria remain dormant as spores
                                            2. Food processing
                                              1. Batch Food Processing and Continuous-Flow Food Processing
                                              2. Beneficial and Harmful bacteria
                                                1. Beneficial: to make yoghurt and cheese, genetically engineered bacteria make enzymes and hormones
                                                  1. Harmful: causes food to decay and pathogenic bacteria cause diseases such as pneumonia and tetanus
                                                  2. Antibiotics
                                                    1. they are chemicals produced but micro organisms that kill or prevent the growth of bacteria without damaging the human tissue
                                                      1. Antibiotic resistance
                                                        1. When an antibiotic is first used it kills the bacteria in the organism. Soon the mutation in one bacterium will cause that bacterium to be resistant to the antibiotic
                                                          1. As all the antibiotic-sensitive bacteria are killed off, the resistant bacterium has no competition and can form huge numbers of resistant bacteria
                                                            1. Bacteria have developed and resistance to most known antibiotics. They are called multi-resistant bacteria
                                                              1. The over-use of antibiotics has accelerated the evolution of the multi-resistant bacteria
                                                        2. Antibiotics don't kill viruses.
                                                          1. Examples: penicillin and streptomycin
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