6890951
Description
Mind Map by Kaysey Johnstone, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Kaysey Johnstone
about 8 years ago
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|
Topic 1: Scientific Inquiry, Cells and
Exchange of Materials
- Human Cells
- cells are the basic structural
and functional units of
living organisms.
- Cell Structure
- Cell/plasma membrane -
outer cell boundary.
- Cytoplasm
- Cytosol - liquid part of
the cytoplasm
- Cytoskeleton - fibrous
protein scaffolding in the
cytoplasm.
- Inclusions - granules or drops of
liquid chemicals found in the
cytoplasm.
- Organelles - structures with
different functions
suspended in the
cytoplasm.
- Centrioles
- a pair of cylindrical structures located
near the nucleus. They are involved in
the reproduction of the cell.
- a pair of cylindrical structures located
near the nucleus. They are involved in
the reproduction of the cell.
- Nucleolus
- it is composed of mainly
RNA. It is inside the
nucleus.
- it is composed of mainly
RNA. It is inside the
nucleus.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- parallel membranes provide a
surface for chemical reactions to
happen while the channels are
for storing or transporting
molecules.
- parallel membranes provide a
surface for chemical reactions to
happen while the channels are
for storing or transporting
molecules.
- Nucleus
- spherical shape that contains the
genetic material (DNA). It is the largest
organelle in the cell. A nuclear
membrane separates the nucleus from
the cytoplasm. The membrane has
nuclear pores that allow for larger
molecules to pass through.
- spherical shape that contains the
genetic material (DNA). It is the largest
organelle in the cell. A nuclear
membrane separates the nucleus from
the cytoplasm. The membrane has
nuclear pores that allow for larger
molecules to pass through.
- Golgi Apparatus
- it is a series of flattened membranes
stacked near the nucleus. It modifies
proteins and packages them for
secretion from the cell. Vesicles form
on the edges and package the proteins
that are produced at the ribosomes
and passed through the ER.
- it is a series of flattened membranes
stacked near the nucleus. It modifies
proteins and packages them for
secretion from the cell. Vesicles form
on the edges and package the proteins
that are produced at the ribosomes
and passed through the ER.
- Lysosomes
- small spheres that contain enzymes able to
break down proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and
some carbohydrates. They break down
materials brought into the cell or worn out
organelles.
- small spheres that contain enzymes able to
break down proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and
some carbohydrates. They break down
materials brought into the cell or worn out
organelles.
- Cell membrane
- the outer boundary that separates the cell
contents from neighbouring cells and from the
external environment. Made up of a double
layer of lipid molecules and associated proteins.
- the outer boundary that separates the cell
contents from neighbouring cells and from the
external environment. Made up of a double
layer of lipid molecules and associated proteins.
- Nuclear pores
- allow for larger molecule
to pass through into the
nucleus.
- allow for larger molecule
to pass through into the
nucleus.
- Mitochondria
- each has a double membrane. Smooth outer
layer surrounds the mitochondria and the
inner layer forms a series of folds. The folds
create a larger surface area where chemical
reactions can happen, like cellular
respiration.
- each has a double membrane. Smooth outer
layer surrounds the mitochondria and the
inner layer forms a series of folds. The folds
create a larger surface area where chemical
reactions can happen, like cellular
respiration.
- Ribosomes
- here amino acids are joined together
to make proteins. They can be free in
the cytoplasm or attached to
membranes within the cell.
- here amino acids are joined together
to make proteins. They can be free in
the cytoplasm or attached to
membranes within the cell.
- Nuclear membrane
- separates the nucleus from the
cytoplasm. It acts as a double
membrane, two membranes separated
by space.
- separates the nucleus from the
cytoplasm. It acts as a double
membrane, two membranes separated
by space.
- Centrioles
- Cytosol - liquid part of
the cytoplasm
- Cell/plasma membrane -
outer cell boundary.
- Surface Area to Volume Ratio
- = Surface Area / Volume
- As length of the sides
increase, the SA/V ratio
decreases.
- It means cells become less
efficient in exchanging nutrients
and wastes within its
environment.
- It means cells become less
efficient in exchanging nutrients
and wastes within its
environment.
- = Surface Area / Volume
- cells are the basic structural
and functional units of
living organisms.
- Cells Exchange Materials
- Homeostasis - the working
together of body systems to
keep the cell environment
constant.
- All cells need oxygen
and glucose for cell
respiration.
- respiration produces
carbon dioxide and
water as wastes.
- respiration produces
carbon dioxide and
water as wastes.
- Cell membrane
functions:
- physical barrier - cytoplasm
and tissue fluids have different
compositions.
- it regulates passage of materials
between cells and surrounding
tissue fluid.
- it regulates passage of materials
between cells and surrounding
tissue fluid.
- Support - internal parts of the membrane
are attached to cytoskeleton for support.
Connections between neighbouring cells
support the whole tissue.
- Sensitivity - receptors are
sensitive to particular
molecules.
- physical barrier - cytoplasm
and tissue fluids have different
compositions.
- Cell membrane
structure:
- Bilayer - single
membrane made of
2 layers
- Made mostly of
phospholipids and proteins
scattered through.
- Made mostly of
phospholipids and proteins
scattered through.
- Differentially permeable
membrane allows certain ions &
molecules to pass through but
restrict others.
- Fluid mosaic model,
phospholipid bilayer
- Hydrophilic - water
loving - outside
- Hydrophobic - water hating
- inside
- Cholesterol and Proteins
- they are
embedded in the
bilayer.
- cholesterol is found
between the
phospholipids.
- maintains the integrity of the
membrane and helps
communication with other cells.
- maintains the integrity of the
membrane and helps
communication with other cells.
- Proteins - channel,
receptor, carrier and
cell-indentity markers.
- some proteins are found on
the surface while others go
right through.
- some proteins are found on
the surface while others go
right through.
- they are
embedded in the
bilayer.
- Bilayer - single
membrane made of
2 layers
- Homeostasis - the working
together of body systems to
keep the cell environment
constant.
- Experimentation
- Independent variable - the one we change
- Dependent variable - the one measured
- validity - should control all variables so that all
factors known to affect the results are kept the
same for experimental purposes.
- Accuracy - it is how close
the measured results are to
the actual results.
- Reliability - it is the extent to which an
experiment gives us the same results each time is
performed.
- Independent variable - the one we change
- Transport across the cell
membrane
- Diffusion - passive process from
the random movement of ions
and molecules.
- Osmosis - water diffusion across
the membrane.
- The concentration of water
decreases as amount of
dissolved solute increases.
- Water moves across the membrane from
high water concentration to low water
concentration until its concentration is
equal on both sides.
- Osmosis causes swelling and increase of mass in
direction of water movement; reverse in opposite
direction.
- The concentration of water
decreases as amount of
dissolved solute increases.
- The molecules move from high
concentration to low
concentration until concentration
is equal.
- Net diffusion is the
overall direction the
molecules move.
- Fat-soluble substances, alcohol, oxygen
and carbon dioxide diffuse through the
phospholipid bilayer.
- Water soluble substances diffuse through
protein channels in the membrane. The
channels have a small diameter so that small
molecules pass through but larger molecules
are restricted.
- The concentration gradient (diffusion
gradient) is the difference in
concentration between the 2 sides of the
membrane that causes diffusion.
- The greater the difference in
concentration, the steeper the
diffusion gradient and the
faster diffusion occurs.
- The greater the difference in
concentration, the steeper the
diffusion gradient and the
faster diffusion occurs.
- Osmosis - water diffusion across
the membrane.
- Carrier-mediated transport - can
be passive or active process, it
requires special proteins.
- Facilitated diffusion
- the molecules are too big to fit
through the pores so they are moved
through by carrier proteins.
- Transported molecules bind to a carrier protein.
The carrier protein changes shape, moving
transported molecule to other side of membrane.
- Passive process - do not
require energy
- the molecules are too big to fit
through the pores so they are moved
through by carrier proteins.
- Active transport
(ATP is cell energy)
- Active process - require metabolic
energy (cellular energy required ATP)
- the molecules are pumped across the
membrane against the concentration
gradient - from low to high.
- Active process - require metabolic
energy (cellular energy required ATP)
- Facilitated diffusion
- Vesicular transport - an active process
where materials are moved in
membrane-bound sacs.
- molecules move in and out
of the cell in vesicles.
- vesicles are bubble-like
structure surrounded by a
membrane.
- the membrane of the vesicle can
form at the cell membrane -
endocytosis (importation)
- the cell membrane surrounds
the fluid/molecules and results
in the material enclosed inside
the membrane.
- Phagocytosis - endocytosis of solid
particles - specialised cells engulf and
break down solid molecules.
- Pinocytosis - endocytosis of
liquid particles which is a
function of all cells.
- the cell membrane surrounds
the fluid/molecules and results
in the material enclosed inside
the membrane.
- the membrane can fuse with the
cell membrane - exocytosis
(exportation)
- the contents of a vesicle
are pushed through the
cell membrane.
- it can be waste or excretion - saliva
- the contents of a vesicle
are pushed through the
cell membrane.
- vesicles are bubble-like
structure surrounded by a
membrane.
- molecules move in and out
of the cell in vesicles.
- Diffusion - passive process from
the random movement of ions
and molecules.
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