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Description
Mind Map by Paula Camacho, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Paula Camacho
about 8 years ago
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The Industrial Revolution
- ORIGINS OF INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
- WHAT WAS THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION?
- Period of profound economic and social
changes, caused by the increasing use of
machinery in production.
- Agrarian societies gradually
changed into industrial ones.
- All changes began in Britain
(2nd half of 18th century)
- Two stages:
- 1st Industrial Revolution (started 1760)
- 2nd Industrial Revolution
(started 1870)
- 1st Industrial Revolution (started 1760)
- Two stages:
- All changes began in Britain
(2nd half of 18th century)
- Agrarian societies gradually
changed into industrial ones.
- Period of profound economic and social
changes, caused by the increasing use of
machinery in production.
- DEMOGRAPHIC REVOLUTIONS
- English population started to
grow in the late 18th century
- Death rate decreased and birth
rate remained high.
- This decrease was caused by
several reasons
- Improvements in nutrition and advances in
agriculture and diets.
- Personal and public hygiene improved, with
cleaner people, streets and water.
- Advances in public health, such as the vaccine against
smallpox, and the construction of new hospitals.
- All of the new advances caused fewer deaths by epidemics.
- Improvements in nutrition and advances in
agriculture and diets.
- More demand for agricultural
and insdustrial products.
- More jobs appeared.
- This decrease was caused by
several reasons
- Death rate decreased and birth
rate remained high.
- English population started to
grow in the late 18th century
- AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
- Innovations in agriculture and livestock
due to increased demand for food.
- Farming techniques
- Four-field system of crop rotation
replaced the three-field system.
- Manure, a natural
fertiliser, increased due to
better fed livestock.
- Iron plough replaced the wood
plough (late 18th century)
- New farming
techniques introduced.
- New farming
techniques introduced.
- Iron plough replaced the wood
plough (late 18th century)
- Manure, a natural
fertiliser, increased due to
better fed livestock.
- Four-field system of crop rotation
replaced the three-field system.
- Land ownership and use
- Land became private property
- Land became private property
- Livestock farming
- Part of the land was used to grow fodder (food
for livestock), so livestock increased.
- Part of the land was used to grow fodder (food
for livestock), so livestock increased.
- Farming techniques
- Primary sector production
increased
- More income for farmers, who
started to be able to save
money.
- More income for farmers, who
started to be able to save
money.
- Innovations in agriculture and livestock
due to increased demand for food.
- OTHER FACTORS
AFFECTING ECONOMIC
GROWTH
- Extensive markets
- British domestic
market had good
infrastructures
and no domestic
tariffs.
- Products sold in many foreign colonies
- Trade made a lot of profit, which was invested in new
industries.
- Trade made a lot of profit, which was invested in new
industries.
- Products sold in many foreign colonies
- British domestic
market had good
infrastructures
and no domestic
tariffs.
- New mentality
- Bourgeoisie was
more open to
investment,
business risk and
pursuit of profit.
- Bourgeoisie was
more open to
investment,
business risk and
pursuit of profit.
- Abundance of
iron and coal
- Necessary to
build and
run new
factories.
- Necessary to
build and
run new
factories.
- Extensive markets
- WHAT WAS THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION?
- THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
- FROM WORKSHOP TO
FACTORY
- Until the 18th century, most
products were made in workshops.
- In late 18th century, new machinery was invented,
which manufactured products more quickly.
- Factories replaced workshops.
- First machines
were powered by
hydraulic energy
- Then, steam engine
invented
(steam-powered)
- Division of labour
established, which
increased production and
productivity
- Division of labour
established, which
increased production and
productivity
- Then, steam engine
invented
(steam-powered)
- First machines
were powered by
hydraulic energy
- Factories replaced workshops.
- In late 18th century, new machinery was invented,
which manufactured products more quickly.
- Until the 18th century, most
products were made in workshops.
- THE TEXTILE
INDUSTRY
- A lot of cotton grown in
Britain, which made their
textile industry have a cheap
and abundant raw material.
- Textile industry was the
first to introduce
technical innovations in
spinnign and weaving.
- British textile industry
expanded with the
introduction of
steam-powered machines.
- Cotton British
products were
sold
internationally.
- The textile boom
also increased
activity in other
sectors
- The textile boom
also increased
activity in other
sectors
- Cotton British
products were
sold
internationally.
- British textile industry
expanded with the
introduction of
steam-powered machines.
- Textile industry was the
first to introduce
technical innovations in
spinnign and weaving.
- A lot of cotton grown in
Britain, which made their
textile industry have a cheap
and abundant raw material.
- THE IRON
INDUSTRY
- Until 18th century,
most iron in Britain was
imported from Sweden.
- After 1709, Abraham Darby
invented the blast furnace to
smelt iron using
coal-derived products.
- Henry Cort invented a
new furnace in late 18th
century, able to make
lots of wrought iron.
- More demand for
machines and tools due
to more iron
manufacturing.
- More demand for
machines and tools due
to more iron
manufacturing.
- Henry Cort invented a
new furnace in late 18th
century, able to make
lots of wrought iron.
- After 1709, Abraham Darby
invented the blast furnace to
smelt iron using
coal-derived products.
- Until 18th century,
most iron in Britain was
imported from Sweden.
- ECONOMIC
LIBERALISM
- Liberalism spread greatly
during the 1st stages of the
Industrial Revolution.
- Adam Smith thought economic
activities should be governed by
principles of economic freedom
(in which ''freedom'' meant freedom
to create companies, hire
workers...)
- He thought of guilds as
obstacles and believed the
state shouldn't intervene
in economy.
- He said this because of
how prices and salaries are
regulated by the Law of
supply and demand.
- He defended
division of labour, as
it increased
production and
productivity.
- He defended
division of labour, as
it increased
production and
productivity.
- He said this because of
how prices and salaries are
regulated by the Law of
supply and demand.
- He thought of guilds as
obstacles and believed the
state shouldn't intervene
in economy.
- Adam Smith thought economic
activities should be governed by
principles of economic freedom
(in which ''freedom'' meant freedom
to create companies, hire
workers...)
- Liberalism spread greatly
during the 1st stages of the
Industrial Revolution.
- FROM WORKSHOP TO
FACTORY
- THE TRANSPORT
REVOLUTION
- ADVANCES IN NAVIGATION
- Fast and safe transport
was needed because of
the growth of industrial
production in Britain.
- Before the 18th
century, road travel
was slow, dangerous
and uncomfortable;
after 1750, new roads
built and old ones
repaired.
- River travel was still
cheaper, so many canals
were constructed.
- Steam engine was soon used in
navigation, and in 1807 the first
line of commercial steamboats
appeared.
- Only used for river travel at
first, then became more used
in the sea.
- Only used for river travel at
first, then became more used
in the sea.
- Steam engine was soon used in
navigation, and in 1807 the first
line of commercial steamboats
appeared.
- River travel was still
cheaper, so many canals
were constructed.
- Before the 18th
century, road travel
was slow, dangerous
and uncomfortable;
after 1750, new roads
built and old ones
repaired.
- Fast and safe transport
was needed because of
the growth of industrial
production in Britain.
- THE RAILWAY AGE
- Railway was possible
due to 2 advances
- Iron, used to
build trains
and railways.
- Steam engine,
used to power
locomotives.
- Iron, used to
build trains
and railways.
- First
steam-powered
locomotive built,
followed by the
appearance of the
first cargo railway
and the opening of
the first public
transport railway.
- Railway transported products to
their markets safely and fastly.
- Railways were built all over the world, even
intercontinentally.
- Railways were built all over the world, even
intercontinentally.
- Railway transported products to
their markets safely and fastly.
- Railway was possible
due to 2 advances
- IMPACT OF THE
TRANSPORT
REVOLUTION
- TRADE
- Transport times and
costs reduced.
- It was also
easier for
people to
travel.
- It was also
easier for
people to
travel.
- Transport times and
costs reduced.
- SPECIALISATION IN
WORLD ECONOMY
- Industrialised
countries specialised
in manufacturing and
exporting.
- Colonies
provided them
with raw
materials.
- Colonies
provided them
with raw
materials.
- Industrialised
countries specialised
in manufacturing and
exporting.
- MINING, METALLURGY
AND IRON INDUSTRY
- They provided raw materials for the
construction of means of transport, so the
industries strenghtened.
- They provided raw materials for the
construction of means of transport, so the
industries strenghtened.
- DAILY LIFE
- Nutrition improved.
- Easier to emigrate to distant
places.
- Easier to emigrate to distant
places.
- Nutrition improved.
- TRADE
- ADVANCES IN NAVIGATION
- THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
- NEW ENERGY SOURCES AND
INDUSTRIES
- 2 new energy sources
- ELECTRICITY
- Used to power machines, trains,
railways or forms of
communication.
- Used to power machines, trains,
railways or forms of
communication.
- PETROLEUM
- First oil was drilled in 1859
- It became more
important because of the
invention of combustion
engine.
- It became more
important because of the
invention of combustion
engine.
- First oil was drilled in 1859
- ELECTRICITY
- Some industries grew in importance
- IRON AND STEEL
INDUSTRY
- It expanded after the
invention of Bessemer
converter
- This produced large amounts
of steel at a low price.
- This produced large amounts
of steel at a low price.
- It expanded after the
invention of Bessemer
converter
- CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY
- Raw materials
were used to
make new
products.
- Raw materials
were used to
make new
products.
- ELECTRICAL
INDUSTRY
- Electricity was
produced and
distributed at a
large scale.
- Electricity was
produced and
distributed at a
large scale.
- IRON AND STEEL
INDUSTRY
- USA and Germany continued being being the
leading industrial powers.
- 2 new energy sources
- LARGE COMPANIES AND BANKING
- When the Industrial
Revolution began, small
and single-owner
companies were common.
- Family businesses didn't have enough
money to hire workers or buy machinery.
- Corporations were created.
- In them, the capital was divided into shares,
which were traded on the stock market.
Whoever bought them participated in the
business as a shareholder.
- Banks became important institutions,
due to them lending money to
companies or being intermediaries
between companies and private
individuals.
- Individuals saved
money on banks, which
invested in on
industries or businesses.
- Financial capitalism was born.
- Financial capitalism was born.
- Individuals saved
money on banks, which
invested in on
industries or businesses.
- Banks became important institutions,
due to them lending money to
companies or being intermediaries
between companies and private
individuals.
- In them, the capital was divided into shares,
which were traded on the stock market.
Whoever bought them participated in the
business as a shareholder.
- Corporations were created.
- Family businesses didn't have enough
money to hire workers or buy machinery.
- When the Industrial
Revolution began, small
and single-owner
companies were common.
- NEW SYSTEMS OF
PRODUCTION
- In the late 19th
century
- TAYLORISM
- F. Taylor invented a production process
divided into small and timed tasks.
- Each worker specialised in one task, and
was paid accordingly to it.
- Each worker specialised in one task, and
was paid accordingly to it.
- F. Taylor invented a production process
divided into small and timed tasks.
- ASSEMBLY LINE
- Used by Henry Ford on his automobile factory.
- Produced pased form one worker
to another.
- Produced pased form one worker
to another.
- Used by Henry Ford on his automobile factory.
- MASS PRODUCTION
- Assembly line use prepared the way for mass
production.
- Many parts of the product
were manufactured, then
everything was put
together.
- Lots of good made, production
costs reduced.
- Lots of good made, production
costs reduced.
- Many parts of the product
were manufactured, then
everything was put
together.
- Assembly line use prepared the way for mass
production.
- TAYLORISM
- Different types of corporate groups
emerged.
- CARTEL
- Association between companies in the
same line of business.
- They did agreements to control production
and distribution, and to set prices.
- They did agreements to control production
and distribution, and to set prices.
- Association between companies in the
same line of business.
- HOLDING COMPANY
- Controls other companies because of
owning most of their shares.
- Controls other companies because of
owning most of their shares.
- TRUST
- Association of companies, which covered all stages in
manufacturing together.
- Their goal was
to control the
market and to
eliminate
competititon.
- Their goal was
to control the
market and to
eliminate
competititon.
- Association of companies, which covered all stages in
manufacturing together.
- CARTEL
- Government sometimes regulated cartels and trusts if they created unfair monopolies.
- In the late 19th
century
- NEW ENERGY SOURCES AND
INDUSTRIES
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