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9231414
AQA A Level Psychology
Description
A level Psychology Mind Map on AQA A Level Psychology, created by Molly Walker on 06/06/2017.
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aqa
a level psychology
aqa psychology
aqa a level psychology
memory
social influence
attachment
psychopathology
psychology
a level
Mind Map by
Molly Walker
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Molly Walker
about 7 years ago
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Resource summary
AQA A Level Psychology
Social Influence
Conformity
Types
Compliance
A public but not a private change in views
e.g. saying you support a different football team because your friends do
Kelman (1958)
Internalisation
A private and public change of views
e.g. following a new religion
Permanent
Identification
Temporary
A change in private and public beliefs that stop when the group are no longer there
Explanations
Deutsch and Gerard (1955)
Normative Social Influence
Conforming to fit in with the group because they value the group and want to be accepted by them
Public views match the group, but private views may not
e.g. peer pressure
Informational Social Influence
People change their views and behaviour based on new information because they want to be right.
Most common in new and ambiguous situations
Asch (1956)
An example of normative social influence
7 males were shown two cards and asked to match the line up to the same length line on the other card.
The task was really simple and the correct answer was obvious
Participants conformed 32% of the time, 74% conformed at least once.
Variations
1 stooge - 3%, 2 stooges - 13%, 3-15 stooges 32%
Unanimity - agreed with participant - 5.5%, disagreed with everyone - 9%
Task difficulty - increased conformity.
Evaluation
Lack of ecological validity
Lack of generalisability - all male students
Reliable due to easy replication
Participants said they doubted whether they'd understood the task
Unethical - deception
By-stander apathy
Latane and Darley (1968)
75% singles reported within 2 minutes
13% in groups reported the smoke at all
Zimbardo (1973) - Social Roles
Stopped after 6 days instead of 2 weeks
By day 6 they were completely submissive to the guards
1 released after 1 day, 2 released after 4 days
Prisoners rebelled after two days
Some prisoners became depressed and anxious
Random assignment meant their conformity to social roles was not based on their personality
Evaluation
Ethics
No protection from hard - guilt, distress, humiliation
No lasting effects
Zimbardo as the warden and researcher had issues
Confidentiality - arrested from home
Demand characteristics - lab experiment with someone saying they based their behaviour as a guard off of a TV programme
Obedience
Milgram (1963)
Mr Wallace, a confederate, was always the learner
Psychologists thought only 1.2% would go to the full 450V
65% went to 450V, 100% went to 300V
Milgram would say things like 'I take responsibility' and 'you have to continue'
Evaluation
Ethics
Protection from harm - seizures, sweats, laughing fits
A follow-up showed no lasting harm
Deception - they thought it was a memory test
They were fully debriefed
Participants thought it was real
Can generalise, when using women, the same level of obedience was found
Hofling - nurses and the fake doctor shows real life application of the findings
84% said they were glad they took part, 74% said they learnt something important about themselves.
Variations of Milgram's study
Seedy offices 47.5%
Teacher and learner in the same same room 40%
Place hand on plate 30%
Instructed by telephone 20.5%
Mandell (1998) argues it provides an oversimplified explanation for holocaust behaviour
Bickman (1974)
Field experiment
Security guard 38%
Milkman 14%
Civilian 19%
Explanations for Obedience
Legitimacy of authority
We accept people have authority based on their social role, it is determined by society so that things run smoothly.
Evaluation
In Australia (Kilham and Mann (1974)
Bickman (1974)
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