China, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific

China, Southeast Asia and the PacificHomo erectus in Asia Indonesia- 1.7 mya? Or 800kya?china - 1.9-1.6myaVietnam- 500,000yaMade and used stone and possibly bamboo toolsLikely hunted scavengedAcheulian hand axes in Arfica-- not in AsiaZhoukoudian Cave40 Homo erectus fossils found in association with 100,000 stone toolsPossible use of fire460,000-230,000 Southeast AsiaFirst settlement around 1.7 myaSunda and Sahul ShelfShoreline 18000 years agoIsland of Flores, IndonesiaHomo erectus 900000-800000 years agoHomo floresiensis- 38000-13--- years ago-Small stature- average 3.2 feet tall-Prominent brow, low brain-case-Likely evolved from AMH-Probably a case of island dwarfismEarly Island Hopping 30000-40000 years ago Almost certainly used watercraft Extensive evidence of fishing Moving further from coastlines through time By 20000 years ago moving more than 100 miles in open waterColonizing AustraliaIntensely debateEarlier than 45000 years ago?Lake Mungo- human Skeletal remains up to 400000 years oldSustained around 30000 years agoAustralian MegafaunaExtinction likely the result of climate change and human predationTasmania-first visited around 33000 years ago-cut off from mainland Australia after last Glacial Maximum- remained isolated island until 1600sPlant Domestication in East and Southeast Asia-Foxtail Millet-bottle gourd-rice-water chestnut-broomcorn Millet-Bananas-Garlic-Hemp-Soybean-Coconut-EggplantAnimals domesticated in East and southeast Asia-Chicken-Zebu-silkworm-bactrian camel-yak-reindeerRice domestication-Gathered between 10,000 and 6,000 bc Domesticated by 4000-5000 BCEarly Chinese Farming Communities (10000 and 3000 bc)Hemudu culture 7000-4500 bceFarming communitiesSubsisted based on rice farmingExploited wide range of resourcesKept cattle, pigs and dogsYellow river to the North (Huang Ho)Millet SorghumHempMulberryPeiligang Culture (6300-5100 BCE)First sedentary Farming villagesGrew millet; kept dogs and pigsSemi-subterranean houses with storage pitsYangshao Culture (4800-3200 BCE)Self contained communities overlooking fertile floodplainhunted , foraged, fished, and grew milletPerhaps spoke early form of chinese languageLongshan culture (3000-1900 BCE)Interaction between northern and southern farming communitiesDevelopment of bronze metallurgy, ancestor worship and the construction of defensive wallsRammed Earth WallsOracle BonesMade from bison scapula Erlitou (1900-1500 BCE)Perhaps related to origins of chinese civilizationCentralized cityControlled trade of copper ore, tin, salt, kaolin clayShang Dynasty (1766- 1122 BCE)Built upon Shan DynastyAo (Zhengzhou) (1557 BCE)Capitol of Shang Dynasty10000 workers and 18 years Anyang (1400 BCE) Capitol of Shang Dynasty afterSkilled artisans living in citySacrificial burials with high status in individualsHorse and chariot burialsBurial Mound of Emperor Zheng (210 BCE)Terra Cotta Warriors-tomb of the 1st Emperor ca. 221 BC-over 7,000 clay figures with swords, daggers, axes, crossbows, 130 chariots; 700 horses-All to guard against enemies of the EmperorJomon Culture10500-300bceIndus River Valley3,000km long flows though paskistan and Kutch and Guijatat province, IndiaMore water flow than the NileOften changes courseBordered by agricultural landsHarappa sites thoughoout the entire valleyExtensive trade networksMehrgarh (700-5500 bce)Farming village Wheat and goats from west Part of trade network with west- copper and turquoiseHarappan State (2600-1700 BCE)INdus River Valley Rapid Growth and change from egalitarian to a ranked societyConnected to mesopotamia through trade with sumerians The Harappan civilizationDeveloped along the Indus Valley in modern-day Pakistan at approx the same time that the Great Pyramids were built in Egypt-Well-planned cities:Harappa Mohenjo-Daro-no monumentsNo elaborate mortuary ritualMohenjo-Daro (2600-1900 BCE) (oldest place to have a sewer)35-40000 peopleState level societyRebuilt 9 times (flooding)CottonTextile makingThe “great bath” 12x7 meter brick- lined basinWritingHarappan script is known mostly from small carved stone sealings used to mark vessels and bundlesMost likely logographic (signs representing words) or ideographic (signs representing concepts)To date, the Harappan script has not be decipheredMauryan Empire269-232 b.c. Shifting focus from Indus river to GangesSubsumed by Roman worldEarly farming in Southeast Asia13000 bc hunter-gatherers4000 bc possibly cultivating2800-2500 b.c. rice in red river basinGrowing rice and taro…Ban Non Wat (2200-500bce)Used as burial mound Noen U-Loke (400bce-300 ce)Evidence of violenceDong Son Culture 1000 Bce-43 ceBronzeEarly drumsOC EO (300-600 CE)Angkor State (802-1430 A.D.)Worship different gods Built temples (hinduism)Jayavarman IIAngkor Wat (1117 CE)Siba godAngkor Thom (1181 ce)TempleTa PhromPacific IslandsTaroYamsBreadfruitCoconutSugarcanePigsChickensDogsLapita (1600-1000 bce)Trade culturePolynesiaDeliberately colonized around 2000 BC\Islands ruled by hereditary chiefsMicronesia And Eastern PolynesiaRapidlyNew ZealandColonized between 1230 and 1280 A.D.Grew yam, taro and gourdOverhunted moa bird into extinctionMaori WarriorsEaster Island (Rapa Nui)Colonized bwtween 800 and 1200 A.D.MoaesDecimated plant and animals communities