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Matthew Law
Mind Map by , created more than 1 year ago

Mind map attempting to display all of the key bits of B7 from the OCR 21st Century GCSE Science specification.

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Matthew Law
Created by Matthew Law almost 11 years ago
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Angela Lloyd
Angela Lloyd
over 10 years ago
excellent mind map
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B7: Further Biology

B7: Further BiologyPeakPerformanceEcosystemsNew TechnologiesMovementand ExerciseCirculationEnergyBalanceSkeletalSystemExerciseFitnessInjuriesBloodComponentsthereofThe CirculatorySystemContrololololing BodyTemperatureControlling BloodSugarDiabetesHuman Impactson NaturalEcosystemsManagingEcosystemsClosed LoopSystemsGeneticTestingGeneticModificationThe IndustrialUse ofMicroorganismsNanotechnologyStem CellsBiomedicalEngineeringred bloodcellsplasmawhite bloodcellsplateletshumans have aDOUBLE CIRCULATORYSYSTEMyour skeleton (figure1) has a variety ofuses...SUPPORTfigure 1: yourskeletonMOVEMENTPROTECTIONwithout a skeleton youwould be a jellytasticflop, and not be able tostand upyour skeletonprotects your vitalorgansyou are a vertebrate:your skeleton is on theinsideGary (right) is aninvertebrate: his skeletonis on the outside"meow"-Garyjoints allow bones tomoveyou need a skeleton toachieve any amount ofelegant feline poiseand are composed of variousbits...a smooth layer ofcartilage andsynovial fluidbetween the bonesreduces frictionbetween theboneselasticligamentsstabilise jointswhile allowingmovementtendonsconnect bones andmuscles, transmits forcesbetween the twomuscles pull on bones to movethemmuscles move thebones (andconsequently the limb)at a joint by contractingwhen the musclecontracts, a tendonpulls on the boneFITNESS: howwell you cando physicalactivitiestransport oxygen from thelungs to the rest of thebodyhave nonucleus, socan carry lotsahaemoglobinhave a biconcaveshape to give them alarge surface area forexchanging oxygenhelp to fightinfection byprotecting yourbody againstattack frommicroorganismsliquid that carriesstuff...nutrients,eg glucoseand aminoacidswaste, eg carbondioxide and ureaantibodieshormonessmall cell fragments that help theblood to clot at the site of a woundthere are a variety of featuresof biochemistry that makethem ideal for industrial use...first off, microorganism:bacterium, fungus or virusrapid reproductionlarge quantities ofthe product canbe made quicklypresence of plasmids - small,circular molecules of DNA, separatefrom a microorganism's main DNAthese can be easilygenetically modified sothat the microorganismis made to producethe desired producttheir simple, understood biochemistrythis makesthem easy togeneticallymanipulatewithout causingmajor problemswe also can use ourknowledge of them tocontrol their growthconditions to producean optimum yieldability to make complex moleculesbacteria can makecomplex antibiotics, foodadditives and hormonesthat can't be easilysynthesised in the lablack of ethical concernone could growloads of them andthrow them away andno one would caremicroorganisms aregrown on a largescale to make lotsaproducts...ANTIBIOTICSsome types of bacteriaand fungi can be usedto produce medicineseg penicillin is an antibioticmade by growing Penicilliummould in a fermenterFUNGI FOODa type of single-celled proteinmade by fungi is used to make fakemeat in veggie meals, eg QuornENZYMES FOR MAKING FOODtraditionally cheese is made usinga mixture of enzymes called rennetfrom the lining of a calf's stomachnowadays, chymosin, the importantenzyme in rennet, is produced bygenetically modified organisms in largequantities as a veggie substitute for rennetENZYMES FOR WASHING POWDERenzymes produced by bacteriacan be used to make biologicalwashing powders - the enzymeshelp to break down stainsexempli gratia amylase enzymescan remove carbohydrate stainslike jam and chocolate, andlipase gets rid of fat stains, likebutter, oil and your mumBIOFUELSmicroorganismscan be used tomake fuels, forexample...yeast can be used to produce ethanol, awaste product of anaerobic respirationin some countries, na przykład Brazil,cars are adapted to run on a mixture ofethanol and petrol known as 'gasohol'microorganisms can be used to produce biogas,a fuel used for heating, cooking, lighting, etcit's made by thefermentation ofplant and animalwaste containingcarbohydrateshuge amounts of microorganismsare grown in containers quis'appelle fermentersthe conditions inside fermentersare adjusted to obtainOPTIMUM GROWTH YIELDnanotechnology is a branch oftechnology that uses tiny structures,about the size of some molecules,with a variety of applications....Annatechnology is asimilar technologyinvolving tiny peoplefood can be made to last longer例えば adding claynanoparticles can killharmful microorganismssomenanoparticlescan kill harmfulmicroorganismsto deathsome 'smart packaging' usesnanoparticles to change the packaging'sproperties depending on the conditionspor ejemplo, a milk cartoncould be made to changecolour when the milk goes offbiomedical engineering usesengineering technologies toimprove human healthγια παράδειγμα, faulty body parts can bereplaced with nice shiny working ones...if the group of cells controlling the tempo ofone's heartbeat stops working, the heartbeatmay become dangerously irregularthe faulty cells can be replaced by anartificial pacemaker, which uses anelectric current to control the heartbeatfaulty heart valves can also be replacedwith either animal or mechanical valvestissues and organs grownfrom stem cells can be usedto treat illnesses, например...leukaemia, a cancer of the blood orbone marrow, has been successfullytreated using stem cell technologyà l'avenir, stem cells could be used to treat spinal chord injuries by replacing damaged nerve tissuebone marrow transplants containing stem cells canreplace the leukemia sufferer's faulty bone marrow, thestem cells in it being able to produce healthy blood cellsa perfect closed loopsystem is a system thathas no waste becausethe output from one partof the system becomesthe input to another partI couldn't find any images up tomy standard on the interweb, soI copied the ones in the revisionguide to make my own...there's more room for me to explain down here...this is what a PERFECTCLOSED LOOP SYSTEMlooks like: everything isrecycled within the systemI hate to disappoint you, but noecosystem is perfect like this -some outputs are always losteven if it's not *perfect*, anecosystem can nevertheless stillbe a closed loop system, like so:உதாரணமாக...some dead organic matter and nutrients canbe carried out of an ecosystem by air orwater, er enghraifft fallen leaves may be blownaway be the wind or carried away by riverssomeorganismsmigrate fromone ecosystemto another, egthe Mongolshuman activities can damage ecosystems bymucking up their inputs and outputs, ekzemple...farmers use fertilisers containing extra nutrients (like nitrates) to help plants growthis unbalances the ecosystem, becausethe input of nitrates is higher que normal,leading to EUTROPHICATION...humans take biomass out of ecosystems for our own use - this can damage an ecosystem...humans often clear natural areas of vegetation in order to grow crops and/or raise livestockhuman activities create non-recyclable waste that can't be used again within an ecosystemhuman systems AREN'TCLOSED LOOP SYSTEMSgenetic modification = where a gene from one organismis transferred to another and continues to workgenetic testing is used toidentify genetic disordersthe steps to test for afaulty gene are as follows:1: take a DNA sample2: make a gene probe3: use the gene probeDNA isolated from white blood cells is often used totest for genetic disorders ∵ it's quick and easy to takea blood sample containing loads of white blood cellsto identify a faulty gene, a gene probe is produced - a strand ofbases that's complementary to the faulty gene you're looking forthe gene probe is mixed withthe DNA - si le gene estpresent, the probe will stink toit, their bases locking togetherperfectly like in the diagramto see the geneprobe, a fluorescentchemical marker isattached to the probe- if the faulty gene ispresent, it will glowunder UV lightyour body controls the levelof sugar in your blood with achemical called insulinthere are two types...diabetes is where blood sugarlevel can't be controlled properlytype 1type 2your body should be kept at a constanttemperature of about 37° - the optimumtemperature for lots of reactionswhen your blood sugar levelget too high, məsələn whenyou eat a delicious gluten freecake, your pancreas releasesinsulin, which removes theexcess sugar from the bloodtype 1 is where the pancreasstops producing insulinthis means that the blood sugar levelof a person suffering from type 1diabetes can rise to a dangerous levelit's controlled by injectinginsulin into the blood,usually at mealtimesthe injection needs to havethe right amount of insulin toensure that the body doesn'tremove too much sugartype 2 diabetes oftendevelops later in lifethe risk of developing it isincreased by having a poordiet or by being obeseit occurs when the bodyno longer responds to itsown insulin, or it doesn'tmake enoughthis can again cause aperson's blood sugar levelto rise to a dangerous levelit can be controlled byexercising and eating a carefullycontrolled dietმაგალითად, someone who suffers from type 2 diabetescan keep their blood sugar levels steady by eating foodsthat are high in fibre and complex carbohydrates - thesefoods are digested more slowly than simple sugars, sothe sugar is absorbed into the blood over a longer periodof type, and the blood sugar level rises more slowlyDouble click this nodeto edit the textClick and drag this buttonto create a new node