Cecyl Castanon
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Cecyl Castanon
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Immunology Exam 2

Immunology Exam 2

Question 1 of 53

1

T cells recognize antigen when the antigen ___________________.

Select one of the following:

  • forms a complex with membrane-bound MHC molecules on another host-derived cell.

  • is internalized by T cells via phagocytosis and subsequently binds to T-cell receptors in the endoplasmic reticulum

  • is presented on the surface of a B cell on membrane-bound immunoglobulins

  • bears epitopes derived from proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

Explanation

Question 2 of 53

1

If viewing the three-dimensional structure of a T-cell receptor from the side, with the T-cell membrane at the bottom and the receptor pointing upwards, which of the following is inconsistent with experimental data?

Select one of the following:

  • The highly variable CDR loops are located across the top surface.

  • The membrane-proximal domains consist of Cα and Cβ.

  • The portion that makes physical contact with the ligand comprises Vβ and Cβ, the domains farthest
    from the T-cell membrane.

  • The transmembrane regions span the plasma membrane of the T cell.

  • The cytoplasmic tails of the T-cell receptor α and β chains are very short

Explanation

Question 3 of 53

1

Unlike B cells, T cells do not engage in any of the following processes except _______________.

Select one of the following:

  • alternative splicing to produce a secreted form of the T-cell receptor

  • alternative splicing to produce different isoforms of the T-cell receptor

  • isotype switching

  • somatic hypermutation

  • somatic recombination

Explanation

Question 4 of 53

1

Unlike the C regions of immunoglobulin heavy-chain loci, the C regions of the T-cell receptor β-chain loci ______.

Select one of the following:

  • are functionally similar

  • do not contain D segments

  • are more numerous

  • are encoded on a different chromosome from the variable β-chain gene segments of the T-cell
    receptor

  • do not encode a transmembrane region

  • possess non-templated P and N nucleotides

Explanation

Question 5 of 53

1

Which of the following statements regarding Omenn syndrome is incorrect?

Select one of the following:

  • A bright red, scaly rash is due to a chronic inflammatory condition.

  • Affected individuals are susceptible to infections with opportunistic pathogens.

  • It is invariably fatal unless the immune system is rendered competent through a bone marrow
    transplant.

  • It is the consequence of complete loss of RAG function.

  • There is a deficiency of functional B and T cells.

  • It is associated with missense mutations of RAG genes.

Explanation

Question 6 of 53

1

All of the following statements regarding γ:δ T cells are correct except ___________.

Select one of the following:

  • they are more abundant in tissue than in the circulation

  • the δ chain is the counterpart to the β chain in α:β T-cell receptors because it contains V, D, and J segments in the variable region

  • they share some properties with NK cells

  • activation is not always dependent on recognition of a peptide:MHC molecule complex

  • expression on the cell surface is not dependent on the CD3 complex

Explanation

Question 7 of 53

1

During T-cell receptor _____-gene rearrangement, two D segments may be used in the final rearranged gene sequence, thereby increasing overall variability of this chain.

Select one of the following:

  • α

  • β

  • γ

  • δ

  • ε

Explanation

Question 8 of 53

1

The degradation of pathogen proteins into smaller fragments called peptides is a process commonly referred to as

Select one of the following:

  • endocytosis

  • promiscuous processing

  • antigen processing

  • antigen presentation

  • peptide loading

Explanation

Question 9 of 53

1

The primary reason for transplant rejections is due to differences in _____ between donor and recipient.

Select one of the following:

  • CD3

  • MHC molecules

  • T-cell receptor α chains

  • γ:δ T cells

  • β2-microblobulin

Explanation

Question 10 of 53

1

When describing the various components of the vesicular system, which of the following is not included?

Select one of the following:

  • Nucleus

  • Golgi apparatus

  • endoplasmic reticulum

  • exocytic vesicles

  • lysosomes

Explanation

Question 11 of 53

1

Which of the following is not a characteristic of immunoproteasomes?

Select one of the following:

  • They make up about 1% of cellular protein.

  • They consist of four rings of seven polypeptide subunits that exist in alternative forms.

  • They are produced in response to IFN-γ produced during innate immune responses.

  • They produce a higher proportion of peptides containing acidic amino acids at the carboxy terminus
    compared with constitutive proteasomes.

  • They contain 20S proteasome-activation complexes on the caps.

Explanation

Question 12 of 53

1

Identify which of the following statements is true regarding the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP).

Select one of the following:

  • TAP is a homodimer composed of two identical subunits.

  • TAP transports proteasome-derived peptides from the cytosol directly to the lumen of the Golgi
    apparatus.

  • TAP is an ATP-dependent, membrane-bound transporter.

  • Peptides transported by TAP bind preferentially to MHC class II molecules.

  • TAP deficiency causes a type of bare lymphocytes syndrome resulting in severely depleted levels of
    MHC class II molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.

Explanation

Question 13 of 53

1

All of the following are included in the peptide-loading complex except _____________.

Select one of the following:

  • tapasin

  • calnexin

  • calreticulin

  • ERp57

  • β2-microglobulin

Explanation

Question 14 of 53

1

Which of the following best describes the function of tapasin?

Select one of the following:

  • Tapasin is an antagonist of HLA-DM and causes more significant increases in MHC class I than MHC
    class II on the cell surface.

  • Tapasin is a lectin that binds to sugar residues on MHC class I molecules, T-cell receptors, and
    immunoglobulins and retains them in the ER until their subunits have adopted the correct
    conformation.

  • Tapasin is a thiol-reductase that protects the disulfide bonds of MHC class I molecules.

  • Tapasin participates in peptide editing by trimming the amino terminus of peptides to ensure that
    the fit between peptide and MHC class II molecules is appropriate.

  • Tapasin is a bridging protein that binds to both TAP and MHC class I molecules and facilitates the selection of peptides that bind tightly to MHC class I molecules.

Explanation

Question 15 of 53

1

Which of the following characteristics is common to both T-cell receptors and immunoglobulins?

Select one of the following:

  • Somatic recombination of V, D, and J segments is responsible for the diversity of antigen-binding sites.

  • Somatic hypermutation changes the affinity of antigen-binding sites and contributes to further diversification.

  • Class switching enables a change in effector function.

  • The antigen receptor is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.

  • Carbohydrate, lipid, and protein antigens are recognized and stimulate a response.

Explanation

Question 16 of 53

1

The antigen-recognition site of T-cell receptors is formed by the association of which of the following domains?

Select one of the following:

  • Vα and Cα

  • VβandCβ

  • CαandCβ

  • VαandCβ

  • Vα and Vβ

Explanation

Question 17 of 53

1

How many complementarity-determining regions contribute to the antigen-binding site in an intact T-cell receptor?

Select one of the following:

  • 2

  • 3

  • 4

  • 6

  • 12

Explanation

Question 18 of 53

1

IgG possesses _______ binding sites for antigen, and the T-cell receptor possesses _______ binding sites for antigen:

Select one of the following:

  • 1;1

  • 2;1

  • 1;2

  • 2;2

  • 2;4

Explanation

Question 19 of 53

1

In B cells, transport of immunoglobulin to the membrane is dependent on association with two invariant proteins, Igα and Igβ. Which of the following invariant proteins provide this function for the T-cell receptor in T cells?

Select one of the following:

  • CD3γ

  • CD3δ

  • CD3ε

  • ζ

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 20 of 53

1

Which of the following is not a characteristic of native antigen recognized by T cells?

Select one of the following:

  • peptides ranging between 8 and 25 amino acids in length

  • not requiring degradation for recognition

  • amino acid sequences not found in host proteins

  • primary, and not secondary, structure of protein

  • binding to major histocompatibility complex molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.

Explanation

Question 21 of 53

1

Which of the following statements regarding CD8 T cells is incorrect?

Select one of the following:

  • When activated, CD8 T cells in turn activate B cells.

  • CD8 is also known as the CD8 T-cell co-receptor.

  • CD8 binds to MHC molecules at a site distinct from that bound by the T-cell receptor.

  • CD8 T cells kill pathogen-infected cells by inducing apoptosis.

  • CD8 T cells are MHC class I-restricted.

Explanation

Question 22 of 53

1

Antigen processing involves the breakdown of protein antigens and the subsequent association of peptide fragments on the surface of antigen-presenting cells with ________________.

Select one of the following:

  • immunoglobulins

  • T-cell receptors

  • complement proteins

  • MHC class I or class II molecules

  • CD4.

Explanation

Question 23 of 53

1

Which of the following statements regarding T-cell receptor recognition of antigen is correct?

Select one of the following:

  • α:β T-cell receptors recognize antigen only as a peptide bound to an MHC molecule.

  • αβ T-cell receptors recognize antigens in their native form.

  • α:β T-cell receptors, like B-cell immunoglobulins, can recognize carbohydrate, lipid, and protein
    antigens.

  • Antigen processing occurs in extracellular spaces.

  • Like α:β T cells, γ:δ T cells are also restricted to the recognition of antigens presented by MHC
    molecules.

Explanation

Question 24 of 53

1

Which of the following describes a ligand for an α:β T-cell receptor?

Select one of the following:

  • carbohydrate:MHC complex

  • lipid:MHC complex

  • peptide:MHC complex

  • all of the above

  • none of the above

Explanation

Question 25 of 53

1

MHC class II molecules are made up of two chains called _______, whose function is to bind peptides and present them to _______ T cells.

Select one of the following:

  • alpha (α) and beta (β); CD4

  • alpha (α) and beta2-microglobulin (β2m); CD4

  • alpha (α) and beta (β); CD8

  • alpha (α) and beta2-microglobulin β2m); CD8

  • alpha (α) and beta (β); γ:δ T cells

Explanation

Question 26 of 53

1

The CDR3 loops of the T-cell receptor contact the _______.

Select one of the following:

  • side chains of amino acids in the middle of the peptide

  • co-receptors CD4 or CD8

  • membrane-proximal domains of the MHC molecule

  • constant regions of antibody molecules

  • α helices of the MHC molecule

Explanation

Question 27 of 53

1

MHC molecules have promiscuous binding specificity. This means that __________________.

Select one of the following:

  • a particular MHC molecule has the potential to bind to different peptides

  • when MHC molecules bind to peptides, they are degraded

  • peptides bind with low affinity to MHC molecules

  • none of the above describes promiscuous binding specificity

  • all of the above describes promiscuous binding specificity

Explanation

Question 28 of 53

1

T-cell receptors interact not only with peptide anchored in the peptide-binding groove of MHC molecules, but also with ____________________.

Select one of the following:

  • anchor residues

  • peptide-binding motif

  • variable amino acid residues on α helices of the MHC molecule

  • β2-microglobulin

  • invariant chain

Explanation

Question 29 of 53

1

Cross-priming of the immune response occurs when ______________________________.

Select one of the following:

  • viral antigens are presented by MHC class I molecules on the surface of a cell that is not actually infected by that particular virus, or peptides of nuclear or cytosolic proteins are presented by MHC class II molecules.

  • cytosol-derived peptides enter the endoplasmic reticulum and bind to MHC class II molecules

  • phagolysosome-derived peptides bind to MHC class II molecules

  • viral antigens are presented by MHC class II molecules on the surface of a cell that is not actually infected by that particular virus or peptides of nuclear or cytosolic proteins are presented by MHC class I molecules

  • phagolysosome-derived peptides bind to MHC class III molecules

Explanation

Question 30 of 53

1

In reference to the interaction between T-cell receptors and their corresponding ligands, which of the following statements is correct?

Select one of the following:

  • The organization of the T-cell receptor antigen-binding site is distinct from the antigen-binding site of immunoglobulins.

  • The orientation between T-cell receptors and MHC class I molecules is different from that of MHC class II molecules.

  • The CDR3 loops of the T-cell receptor α and β chains form the periphery of the binding site making contact with the α helices of the MHC molecule.

  • The most variable part of the T-cell receptor is composed of the CD3 loops of both the α and β
    chains.

  • All of the above statements are correct.

Explanation

Question 31 of 53

1

The diversity of MHC class I and II genes is due to ___________________.

Select one of the following:

  • gene rearrangements similar to those observed in T-cell receptor genes

  • the existence of many similar genes encoding MHC molecules in the genome and extensive
    polymorphism at many of the alleles

  • somatic hypermutation

  • limited polymorphism at many of the alleles

  • isotype switching

Explanation

Question 32 of 53

1

The combination of all HLA class I and class II allotypes that an individual expresses is referred to as their ____________.

Select one of the following:

  • haplotype

  • allotype

  • isotype

  • autotype

  • HLA type

Explanation

Question 33 of 53

1

All of the following are oligomorphic except ___________________.

Select one of the following:

  • HLA-G α chain

  • HLA-DO β chain

  • HLA-DQ β chain

  • HLA-A α chain

  • HLA-DR α chain

Explanation

Question 34 of 53

1

All of the following are highly polymorphic except _____________.

Select one of the following:

  • HLA-A α chain

  • HLA-DO α chain

  • HLA-B α chain

  • HLA-DR β chain

  • HLA-C α chain

Explanation

Question 35 of 53

1

Of the following HLA α-chain loci, which one exhibits the highest degree of polymorphism?

Select one of the following:

  • HLA-A

  • HLA-B

  • HLA-C

  • HLA-DP

  • HLA-DR

Explanation

Question 36 of 53

1

Which of the following is/are not encoded on chromosome 6 in the HLA complex?

Select one of the following:

  • β2-microglobulin and invariant chain

  • HLA-G α chain

  • TAP-1

  • tapasin

  • HLA-DR α chain

Explanation

Question 37 of 53

1

The _____ refers to the complete set of HLA alleles that a person possesses on a particular chromosome 6.

Select one of the following:

  • isoform

  • isotype

  • oligomorph

  • allotype

  • haplotype

Explanation

Question 38 of 53

1

Peptides that bind to a particular MHC isoform usually have either the same or chemically similar amino acids at two to three key positions that hold the peptide tightly in the peptide-binding groove of the MHC molecule. These amino acids are called _____ and the combination of these key residues is known as its _________________.

Select one of the following:

  • alleles; allotypes

  • anchor residues; peptide-binding motif

  • allotype; haplotypes

  • invariant chains; haplotypes

  • restriction residues; MHC allotype

Explanation

Question 39 of 53

1

Directional selection is best described as ______________________________.

Select one of the following:

  • all polymorphic alleles preserved in a population

  • T-cell receptor interaction with peptide:MHC complexes directed to a planar interface

  • a mechanism in T cells that is analogous to affinity maturation of immunoglobulins

  • selected alleles increase in frequency in a population

  • selection of most appropriate transplant donor directed at the identification of identical or similar
    combinations of HLA alleles compared with the transplant recipient

Explanation

Question 40 of 53

1

The role of the CD3 proteins and ζ chain on the surface of the cell is to ___________________.

Select one of the following:

  • transduce signals to the interior of the T cell correct

  • bind to antigen associated with MHC molecules

  • bind to MHC molecules

  • bind to CD4 or CD8 molecules

  • facilitate antigen processing of antigens that bind to the surface of T cells

Explanation

Question 41 of 53

1

The immunological consequence of severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) caused by a genetic defect in either RAG-1 or RAG-2 genes is _____________________.

Select one of the following:

  • lack of somatic recombination in T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin gene loci

  • lack of somatic recombination in T-cell receptor loci

  • lack of somatic recombination in immunoglobulin loci

  • lack of somatic hypermutation in T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin loci

  • lack of somatic hypermutation in T-cell receptor loci

Explanation

Question 42 of 53

1

Which of the following removes CLIP from MHC class II molecules?

Select one of the following:

  • HLA-DM

  • HLA-DO

  • HLA-DP

  • HLA-DQ

  • HLA-DR

Explanation

Question 43 of 53

1

CD8 T-cell subpopulations are specialized to combat _______ pathogens, whereas CD4 T-cell subpopulations are specialized to combat _______ pathogens.

Select one of the following:

  • bacterial; viral

  • dead; live

  • extracellular; intracellular

  • intracellular; extracellular

  • virulent; attenuated

Explanation

Question 44 of 53

1

Which of the following describes the sequence of events involved in processing of peptides that will be presented as antigen with MHC class I?

Select one of the following:

  • plasma membrane →TAP1/2 →proteasome →MHC class I →endoplasmic reticulum

  • TAP1/2 →proteasome →MHC class I →endoplasmic reticulum→plasma membrane

  • proteasome →TAP1/2 →MHC class I →endoplasmic reticulum →plasma membrane

  • proteasome →TAP1/2 →endoplasmic reticulum →MHC class I →plasma membrane

  • endoplasmic reticulum →proteasome →MHC class I →TAP1/2 →plasma membrane

Explanation

Question 45 of 53

1

One type of bare lymphocyte syndrome is caused by a genetic defect in MHC class II transactivator (CIITA), which results in the inability to synthesize MHC class II and display it on the cell surface. The consequence of this would be that ____________________________.

Select one of the following:

  • B cells are unable to develop

  • CD8 T cells cannot function

  • CD4 T cells cannot function

  • intracellular infections cannot be eradicated

  • peptides cannot be loaded onto MHC molecules in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum

Explanation

Question 46 of 53

1

Which of the following describes the sequence of events involved in the processing of peptides that will be presented as antigen with MHC class II?

Select one of the following:

  • protease activity →removal of CLIP from MHC class II →binding of peptide to MHC class II →endocytosis →plasma membrane

  • endocytosis →protease activity →removal of CLIP from MHC class II →binding of peptide to MHC class II →plasma membranecorrect

  • removal of CLIP from MHC class II →binding of peptide to MHC class II →protease activity →endocytosis →plasma membrane

  • binding of peptide to MHC class II →endocytosis →removal of CLIP from MHC class II →protease activity →plasma membrane

  • plasma membrane →endocytosis →protease activity →removal of CLIP from MHC class II →binding of peptide to MHC class II

Explanation

Question 47 of 53

1

Which of the following cell types does not express MHC class I?

Select one of the following:

  • erythrocyte correct

  • hepatocyte

  • lymphocyte

  • dendritic cell

  • neutrophil

Explanation

Question 48 of 53

1

Which of the following cell types is not considered a professional antigen-presenting cell?

Select one of the following:

  • macrophage

  • neutrophil

  • B cell

  • dendritic cell

  • all of the above are professional antigen-presenting cells

Explanation

Question 49 of 53

1

Which of the following is mismatched?

Select one of the following:

  • peptide-binding motif: combination of anchor residues in a peptide capable of binding a particular
    MHC haplotype

  • MHC restriction: specificity of T-cell receptor for a particular peptide:MHC molecule complex

  • balancing selection: maintenance of variety of MHC isoforms in a population

  • directional selection: replacement of older MHC isoforms with newer variants

  • interallelic conversion: recombination between two different genes in the same family

Explanation

Question 50 of 53

1

Which is the most likely reason that HIV-infected people with heterozygous HLA loci have a delayed progression to AIDS compared with patients who are homozygous at one or more HLA loci?

Select one of the following:

  • The greater number of HLA alleles provides a wider variety of HLA molecules for presenting HIV- derived peptides to CD8 T cells even if HIV mutates during the course of infection.

  • Heterozygotes have more opportunity for interallelic conversion and can therefore express larger numbers of MHC alleles.

  • Directional selection mechanisms favor heterozygotes and provide selective advantage to pathogen exposure.

  • As heterozygosity increases, so does the concentration of alloantibodies in the serum, some of which cross-react with and neutralize HIV

Explanation

Question 51 of 53

1

Which of the following cell-surface markers differentiates hematopoietic stem cells from other cell constituents in the bone marrow?

Select one of the following:

  • pre-B-cell receptor

  • BAFF receptor

  • CD34

  • CD4

  • membrane-bound stem-cell factor (SCF)

Explanation

Question 52 of 53

1

Which of the following is characteristic of a large pre-B cell?

Select one of the following:

  • VDJ is successfully rearranged and mu heavy chain is made.

  • V–J is rearranging at the light-chain locus.

  • mu heavy chain and lambda or kappa light chain is made.

  • V is rearranging to DJ at the heavy-chain locus.

  • D–J is rearranging at the heavy-chain locus

Explanation

Question 53 of 53

1

Which of the following statements is correct?

Select one of the following:

  • The κ light-chain genes rearrange before the heavy-chain genes.

  • The κ light-chain genes rearrange before the λ light-chain genes.

  • The λ light-chain genes rearrange before the heavy-chain genes.

  • he λ light-chain genes rearrange before the κ light-chain genes.

  • The μ heavy-chain genes rearrange first and then the λ light-chain genes rearrange

Explanation

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