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What is the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
What does the pancreas secrete?
Which cells have different DNA content?
What are 'housekeeping genes'?
What governs the identity of a cell and determines its function?
What are the steps from DNA to active protein?
What happens if mRNA is not translated into an active protein? Give an example of genes/proteins (2) which are particularly susceptible.
What % of the control of going from DNA to protein arises from transcriptional control?
What does Polymerase I transcription make? What is this important for?
Polymerase II?
Polymerase III?
What are the steps in mRNA synthesis?
What can happen if termination does not occur?
What is the principle reason why processing of mRNA is required?
What does the promoter act as?
What does UTR stand for?
What is the AATAAA region after the 3'UTR?
Describe the features of promoter architectures?
How far upstream is TATAA
What is a transcription factor?
What is the rate-limiting step in transcription? What affect do transcription facts have?
What is the first step of binding polII?
What is the transcription complex which includes polII called? What problems can it lead to?
What is TF2H?
How do transcription factors interact with the DNA?
What determines the rate of transcription of a gene?
What are basal factors?
What determines tissue-specific gene expression?
What step occurs to move from initiation to elongation?
What needs to happen for RNA polII to transcribe the DNA? How does this happen?
What are the key differences in DNA and RNA?
Why isn't uracil used in DNA?
What type of structure does RNA form?
In which direction do RNA polymerases work?
Describe synthesis from 5' to 3'
What are the consequences of the release of pyrophosphate?
How does capping work:
1) RNA polymerase
2) What capping enzymes associated with?
3) What is used to cap the mRNA?
4) What links the cap?
Why does the mRNA need to be capped?
What are exonucleases?
What happens if the capping doesn't take place? In what way is capping specific?
What are the capping enzymes?
What is methylation particularly important for (and capping etc)
What is the rate of transcription?
What effect on downstream genes does a failure to terminate have?
How does termination occur?
What does CPSF?
What is the function of PAP? What stimulates the activity of PAP?
What is the length of the polyA tail usually?
What is the function of the polyA tail? (2)
How is transcription actually terminated?
How many nucleotides can RNA polII go on for if not terminated?
What is heteronuclear RNA?
How long is an exon typically? An intron?
How many introns are there per gene?
What process is splicing really?
What does the splicing machinery recognise? How common is the sequence at the start of an intron?
What does splicing tend to occur in? What is the molecular machinery called and what is it made up off?
How is an intron removed? (7)
How many genes are there?
How big is the human proteome?
Why is splicing so important?
What % of genes are thought to be alternatively spliced?
What determines alternative splicing?
What is tropomycin involved in? What does its alternative splicing lead to?
What happens after alternative splicing?
How does the mature mRNA leave the nucleus? Which molecules recognise it?
What is the relationship between transcriptional activity and nuclear pores? Roughly how many nuclear pores would you expect to find in a highly transcriptionally active cell?
What are nuclear pores?
What happens to mRNA once it is in the cytoplasm?
What confers the biological activity of a cell?
How do specialised cells express the appropriate enzymatic activity?
What can mutations in transcription factors and splice sites cause?
What happens if you don't splice out an intron correctly?
What is systemic lupus erythematosus ?
