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Monocots differ from eudicots in that monocots have
The fibers that get stuck between your teeth when you eat celery are
What is the value of photosynthesis to humans?
The reservoir for hydrogen ions for chemiosmotic ATP synthesis during photosynthesis is the
In the Calvin cycle, the three-carbon molecule that will be immediately formed after carbon dioxide fixation occurs is
What will cycle the energized electrons from the reaction center of PS I back to the reaction center in PS I?
Why are plant leaves green?
We set up an experiment where the same species of plant is grown in boxes covered with plastic that only allows a single color of light through. In which box would we expect the least plant growth and even perhaps the death of the plant to occur?
What are the two sets of reactions for photosynthesis?
Which is NOT a correct association?
gladiolus-bulb
onion-bulb
iris-rhizome
strawberry-stolon
potato-tuber
For water transport to occur there must be
Wood is composed of
One of the products of the Calvin cycle is
To what does the term grana refer?
What is the correct sequence of zones in a longitudinal section of a root, starting from the bottom?
The Calvin cycle reactions are dependent upon a supply of
An aphid is an insect that has mouthparts to sip plant sap. When placed on an herbaceous stem, it soon has its mouthparts embedded and is withdrawing plant sap. Sometimes so much plant sap is taken that it cannot use all of it and the aphid secretes droplets of the sugar to attract ants that in turn protect and care for the aphids. What layer of cells has the aphid's mouthparts tapped?
A plant with small leaves and sunken stomata is most likely to be found in a
The specialized tissue in a root that functions in food storage is the
A 15-foot tree growing in a fence row is used as a fence post to which barbed wire is stapled at a height of 5 feet. Years later, the tree is 30 feet high. The barbed wire of the fence is embedded in the tree bark at
Photosynthesis shows higher activity for violet/blue and orange/red and a lower absorption for green/yellow. If we could create a different photosynthetic pigment that absorbed absolutely all visible wavelengths of light, the leaves would appear which color?
Root hairs are found in which area of the root?
The flattened sacs within the stroma of a chloroplast, which are connected to form a single inner compartment, are called
What are the products of photosynthesis?
How many membranes does a chloroplast have?
Parasitic plants have specialized roots for invading a host plant's tissues. What are these roots called?
The stalk that attaches a leaf blade to a stem is a(n)
Which statement about leaves is NOT correct?
-Gas exchange occurs through tiny openings in the leaf surface called stomata.
-Regulation of gas exchange through the leaf is the responsibility of the guard cells.
-The epidermis is covered by a waxy layer of cuticle that reduces water loss.
-The photosynthetic mesophyll is made up of an upper spongy layer and a lower palisade layer.
-Vascular tissue is arranged in a net pattern in eudicots and a parallel pattern in monocots.
Which structure is directly associated with the terminal bud?
Which stem modifications are underground, thin, papery leaves and have a thick stem that lie dormant during the winter?
Water is split and oxygen is released in
Considering that leaf stomata have the conflicting functions of allowing gaseous carbon dioxide into the leaf, yet preserving the plant's supply of water, which of the following is not reasonable
The waxy material known as the Casparian strip is found on
Most major food plants such as wheat, oats, and rice are in the group of
While transplanting flowers you accidentally damaged the roots. What is the most likely scenario that will occur as a result of damage to the roots?
Sugars are conducted through plant tissues by the
The formation of carbohydrate occurs within the
Which of the following statements is NOT true about wood?
-In the temperate regions, wood forms annual rings.
-Heartwood transports water to the leaves throughout the life of the tree.
-In large trees, the most recently formed layer of cells transports water.
-The wood produced in the summer will have a lower proportion of vessels than wood produced in the spring.
-The vessels will be larger in size in the spring due to more moisture.
The "antenna" system of a plant that gathers the solar energy consists of
Which statement about photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true?
Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria, while cellular respiration occurs in chloroplasts.
Photosynthesis produces water, while cellular respiration uses water.
Photosynthesis requires oxygen, while cellular respiration requires sunlight.
Photosynthesis produces oxygen, while cellular respiration uses oxygen.
Photosynthesis breaks down carbohydrates, while cellular respiration produces carbohydrates.
The reason that deciduous leaves turn bright colors of red and yellow in the fall is
Some herbicides inhibit the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane. Without the movement of electrons, hydrogen ions would not be pumped from the stroma to the thylakoid space and the hydrogen ion gradient would not be established. How would this affect the Calvin cycle reactions?
Entrance of minerals into the vascular cylinder of a root are regulated by the
What pathway moves the electrons from water through PS II to PS I and then on to NADP+?
Which of the following statements is false?
Most of the water obtained by a plant enters through the
An early experiment by Van Helmont (1600s) describes how he grew a tree in a large pot and found that after five years, the amount of soil in the pot had not changed. He concluded that the increase in weight was due to the addition of water. At that time, the compounds of the air had not yet been identified. Today, it is known that he only discovered half the story. Which of these experiments would NOT provide evidence that materials from a source other than water were involved in photosynthesis?
Which cofactor is involved in the Calvin cycle reactions?
NADPH and ATP are used in the
What are the stages of the Calvin cycle?
Which of the following would be a way of finishing this hypothesis about the function of the Golgi apparatus? If the Golgi apparatus is involved in packaging products for secretion, then
The two isotopes shown below differ in the number of
The Golgi apparatus directs its protein products to the correct location in the cell based on
The failure of which organelle during development can result in a child being born with webbed toes?
A long chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached, ending in the acidic group -COOH would be a(n)
Mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. The inner-filled space is called the matrix, which contains ______________ that break down carbohydrate products, releasing _______________ to be used for ATP production.
The ____ will store pigments and toxins in plant cells.
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One carbon atom can form covelant bonds with up to ___ other atoms to form an organic molecule.
During photosynthesis, solar energy is converted to chemical energy by the chloroplasts. The process is represented by
Two molecules of glucose combine to form a disaccharide molecule during a(n) ________ reaction.
Microtubules
Which of the following is not a property of water that results from hydrogen bonding?
The _____ structure of a protein consists of the sequence of the amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.
Which of the following radiation uses is the one that is most likely to have both beneficial and harmful consequences?
When an ionic bond forms, electrons are
Enzymes are organic compounds classified as
In moving from the outside environment to the inside of a bacterium, the first layer encountered would be
Which of the following molecules is inorganic?
C6H6
C12H22O12
CH4
C6H12O6
CO2
In plants, chloroplasts are necessary for
Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonding is incorrect?
Determine which of the following components are required for a molecule to be classified as organic.
The "powerhouse" of the cell is the
Which cellular structure is responsible for packaging materials with the cell?
If the mitochondrion is the result of endosymbiosis, what membrane of the mitochondrion represents the engulfing vesicle?
When a lysosome fuses with a vacuole,
In the search to discover the agents that cause mad cow disease, scrapie in sheep, and CJD and kuru in humans, diseased brain tissues were passed through a fine filter to remove bacteria. The filtrate was still infectious, indicating that something smaller than bacteria, either viruses or organic molecules, must be the causative agent. If a virus was responsible for these brain diseases, then the infectious agent would contain either RNA or DNA. Other possibilities were that the agent was a carbohydrate, fat, or protein. Tissue filtrates were treated with agents that destroyed just one of these chemicals and then injected into a healthy animal, with the results as follows. What is the infectious agent?
•Amylase digests carbohydrates; tissue filtrate still infects healthy test animal.
•Lipase digests fats; tissue filtrate still infects healthy test animal.
•Formaldehyde and/or heat denatures DNA and RNA; tissue filtrate still infects healthy test animal.
•Trypsin digests protein; tissue filtrate does not infect healthy test animal.
According to cell theory
Hydrogen bonding produces which of the following properties of water?
If an element has an atomic number of 12, how many electrons are in its outermost shell?
When viewed through a microscope, one characteristic of living cells is that their internal structures move. What organelles are most directly responsible for this motion we see?
Cellular respiration is best associated with the
Which of the following statements is NOT true of chemical bonds?
Compared with a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell
What evidence suggests that proteins are synthesized and modified in the rough ER as opposed to the smooth ER?
Ribosomes are composed of
Rain falling in the northeastern U.S. has a pH between 5.0 and 4.0. Normally, rainwater has a pH of about 5.6. Which of the following statements is not correct?
The motor molecules associated with actin filaments are called
Which statement regarding acids and bases is correct?
Which of the following molecules is NOT a compound?
H20
NaOH
C6H1206
H2
HCI
Which of the following sequences correctly lists the bonds in order of strongest to weakest?
Which type of lipid molecule is characterized by a backbone of four fused rings?
Which structure regulates passage of molecules into and out of the bacterial cell?
Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria because they both
An ion is an atom that
The moon lacks life and varies dramatically in temperature. If we could keep a layer of water spread on the surface of the moon, what effect would it have?
Which organelle has a 9 + 0 pattern of microtubules?
Isotopes of a given element have
Which of the following would not be a function of the peroxisomes?
Proteins are processed and modified in the interior of the
Which of the following is not a function of ATP within the cell?
conduction of nerve impulses
energy currency of the cell
synthesis of macromolecules
contraction of muscle cells
All of the answer choices are functions of ATP within the cell.
Upon examination, a cell is found to have twice as much DNA as the normal diploid state but is no longer in the process of replicating the DNA. All of the DNA is found within a single nucleus. Which stage of the cell cycle is this cell in?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the inside and outside of the plasma membrane?
When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the cell wall prevents
You are examining a cell under the microscope that is undergoing cell division and cannot find any asters. What else would not be present in this cell?
Which of the following is the correct sequence for the cell cycle?
Which of the following are genetically identical?
You are looking at a cell under the microscope, and see what appears to be several "X" structures being pulled to each side of the cell. What stage of meiosis are you looking at?
How can marine animals such as sharks live in salt water?
Without considering the variation provided by crossing-over, how much will two siblings from one set of parents vary from each other?
Proteins do NOT pass through cell membranes because
Kidney dialysis relies on diffusion of various dissolved waste molecules (solutes) across a non-living semipermeable membrane. If the concentration of solutes in the blood increases over time before dialysis is administered, what will happen to the rate of dialysis when it occurs?
Which components of a cell membrane are used for cell-to-cell recognition?
How does cell division differ between animal and plant cells?
The definition of osmosis is the
Which is NOT a correct association?
What lines up at the metaphase plate during metaphase II of meiosis and metaphase of mitosis?
A differentially permeable membrane separates a molasses solution from distilled water. Over time, the
Growth factors that are transported through the blood play what role in the cell cycle?
The genes that code for the proteins of the signaling pathway could be classified as
What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?
A student sitting on the back row opened a bottle of foul-smelling perfume and dabbed it on her wrists. One by one (beginning from the back of the room) the students began to cough due to the foul smell. This phenomena was due to
Receptor-mediated endocytosis involves all of the following EXCEPT
Which of the following is not involved in the regulation of the cell cycle?
In the emergency room, saline solutions are often run into a person's vein. The saline solution must be
Which of the following refers to materials only leaving the cell?
When blood supplies oxygen and food to a cell surface and these molecules diffuse across, we might expect some "resting time." However, if we inspected most cell membranes in a living human body, we would find a nearly continuous flow of substances back-and-forth across the plasma membrane. Which of the following is not a reason why?
We presume that meiosis evolved later than mitosis. What process would not have to evolve in cells undergoing meiosis in order to make this transition?
The mitotic stage of cell division consists of
If the total number of chromosomes in a cell is six, then after mitosis there will be
In the Malpighian tubules of an insect (blind, threadlike excretory tubule attached to the gut of an insect), salt molecules are actively transferred from body fluids to the inside of the tubule. Which of the following is NOT true?
During crossing-over,
What forms the contractile ring in animal cells?
In the new procedures developed to clone a mammalian cell, the nucleus is removed from an egg cell and the nucleus from the adult to be cloned is injected inside this cell. If we did this process with a basketball, we would permanently damage the shell. What property of the cell repairs this damage?
If the diploid chromosome number is 16, the chromosome number of each gamete will be
When a substance moves from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration while using energy, the process is termed
Which is a correct association of protein types?
Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of
Osmosis can occur when a membrane is
What lines up at the metaphase plate during both metaphase I of meiosis and metaphase of mitosis?
Which of the following is not true concerning the checkpoints in the cell cycle?
Which intercellular junction allows for the rapid movement of small molecules or ions to flow from one animal cell to the next?
Which of the following is not a reason why two children born to the same parents (not identical twins) are unlikely to have the same genetic makeup?
What two components are commonly found in the extracellular matrix that help resist stretching and provide resilience?
Of the following conditions, which is absolutely necessary for diffusion to take place?
During what stage of meiosis do sister chromatids separate from each other?
During which stage of the cell cycle do the chromosomes duplicate?
A cell is placed in a solution of large nutrient molecules tagged with a red dye. Soon the cell is dark red, showing a concentration of the nutrient much higher than the external solution. We add a reagent that blocks the use of ATP. What result would you expect from this experiment?
During which phase will homologous chromosomes separate?
A semipermeable membrane sac filled with water and large molecules of starch is suspended in a beaker of distilled water. What will happen?
An isotonic solution means that the solute concentration outside the cell
What phase(s) of cellular respiration produce(s) NADH + H+?
Heat is not a form of energy.
True or False
The final products of glycolysis are
The energy difference between the reactant glucose and oxygen molecules and the product water and carbon dioxide is 686 kilocalories, yet the 36 ATP molecules produced are only storing 263 kilocalories in their outermost phosphate bond. The rest of the energy went
There is a net gain of four ATPs as a result of glycolysis.
True or False
Why does FADH2 result in fewer ATP than NADH + H+?
Which molecules are the products of aerobic respiration?
Fermentation is the process that allows bread to rise.
True or False
In feedback inhibition of a metabolic pathway, where does the inhibitor bind?
The reason an increase in substrate concentration will not increase the reaction rate indefinitely is because
While eating a container of yogurt, you have to leave, so you store the yogurt in the refrigerator. A day later you return and find the surface of the yogurt is no longer smooth but has broken into several liquified products. You correctly guess that enzymes from your saliva, via the spoon, have continued digesting the yogurt in your absence. What will happen over time?
Enzymes, coenzymes, and cofactors provide a mechanism for a cell to regulate the metabolism of a large amount of cell products using small quantities of chemicals.
True or False
Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true?
Why is fermentation essential to humans?
A forest contains vegetation that is in constant battle with the many insect caterpillars that eat the vegetation. Which of the following strategies would not be a driving force in this evolutionary battle?
If A has a free energy of 38 units, and C has a free energy of 45 units, and the reaction is exergonic, based on the calculation of free energy, which is the substrate and which is the product?
Occasionally someone claims to have built a machine that can run forever, producing as much energy as it consumes. This has always been disproved because it violates
Muscles undergo fermentation when
Which pathway in cellular respiration will produce ATP, NADH2, and carbon dioxide?
The metabolic pathways of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
When a cell uses substantial energy to organize its cell contents to a greater degree than the organization that exists outside the living cell,
What is a metabolic reaction called that involves one reaction releasing energy to provide energy for a second reaction that requires energy?
Enzymes maintain their same shape when they bind to a substrate.
True or False
Which is true about energy of activation?
While science cannot describe "thinking" in physical terms, we are certain that the process involves metabolism inside brain cells. With positron emission tomography (PET scan), it is possible to inject short-lived isotopes and image the regions of the brain that have the most active metabolism during various mental activities. However,
Which statement most accurately describes the second law of thermodynamics?
All of the energy that a plant stores in the bonds of glucose are available to an animal to power its muscles.
True or False
Which energy association is correct?
The citric acid cycle turns once for each original glucose molecule.
True or False
Which of the following molecules is NOT an enzyme?
What are the correct outputs, during the citric acid cycle, from one molecule of glucose?
How efficient is the breakdown of one glucose via cellular respiration?
The carriers of the electron transport chain are located
The number of ATPs produced directly as a result of one turn of the citric acid cycle is
Cellular respiration involves all of the following except
Because the inside of a cell is more organized than the outside, the inside of the cell has increased entropy.
True or False
Some desert organisms can live out their life without ever drinking liquid water. What phase(s) of cellular respiration could provide the organism with water?
The function of an enzyme is to
The term "metabolism" refers to all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell.
True or False
Where does the preparatory reaction take place within the cell?
The removal of electrons and/or hydrogen atoms from a substrate is called what?
Since enzymes are not used up during a reaction, they do not play any role in the reaction.
True or False
If an enzymatic reaction was controlled by feedback inhibition, we would expect it to stop
Pyruvate contains less chemical energy than glucose.
True or False
The amount of energy available to do work after a chemical reaction has occurred is called
The ATP synthase complex is located in the
Why do organisms without oxygen need to convert pyruvate to lactate?
Fermentation is inefficient in using the energy found in food molecules and the resulting alcohol can be toxic to the organism producing it. Which of the following is not a reason why an organism would utilize fermentation?
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A piece of meat and a piece of fruit are fed to both a lizard and a person. The extent to which these foods are digested by digestive enzymes along these two gastrointestinal tracts varies. Which of the following is not a reason for the variation in digestion?
