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Psychology 150 Quiz on CHAPTER 2, created by J P on 02/12/2017.

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CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 2

Question 1 of 86

1

The goal of the dissertation in the process of scientific education is to demonstrate that the future
scientist ________.

Select one of the following:

  • has memorized all of the known facts about a given topic

  • has read all of the known articles about a given a topic

  • can contribute something new to the field

  • can apply the technical knowledge learned in graduate school

Explanation

Question 2 of 86

1

According to the text, the goal of a scientific education is ________.

Select one of the following:

  • to question what is known and how to find out what is not yet known

  • to convey what is known about a subject so it can be applied in a medical context

  • to train individuals to exclusively rely on deductive reasoning to solve problems

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 3 of 86

1

According to the text, a ________ would receive technical training, whereas a ________ would
receive scientific education.

Select one of the following:

  • pharmacologist; pharmacist

  • physician; biologist

  • botanist; computer programmer

  • research psychologist; clinical psychologist

Explanation

Question 4 of 86

1

According to the textbook, there are no perfect ________ of personality, only ________.

Select one of the following:

  • measures; devices

  • indicators; clues

  • theories; hypotheses

  • reliable measures; valid measures

Explanation

Question 5 of 86

1

Researchers must use clues to personality in their research because________.

Select one of the following:

  • personality is defined solely by biological factors that cannot be observed

  • personality tests are unethical

  • personality is something hidden that resides inside an individual

  • personality is defined by responses to self-report questionnaires

Explanation

Question 6 of 86

1

When gathering data or clues about personality, the best policy is to ________.

Select one of the following:

  • gather only a very small number of clues and focus on the important ones

  • gather only clues that are certain not to be misleading

  • rely solely on self-report data

  • collect as many clues as possible

Explanation

Question 7 of 86

1

Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should ________.

Select one of the following:

  • not bother collecting data

  • gather as much data as possible

  • only use L data, which are the most reliable

  • use only one source of data and control for its limitations

Explanation

Question 8 of 86

1

There is a possibility that individuals are so accustomed to certain aspects of their personality that they
might not be aware of those traits. This is called the ________ effect.

Select one of the following:

  • fish-and-water

  • self-verification

  • self-expectancy

  • narcissism

Explanation

Question 9 of 86

1

In order to examine the relationship between early life experiences and adult criminality, Dr. Robbins
asks his research participants to fill out questionnaires describing their early life. He then obtains
copies of their arrest records from the county courthouse. The questionnaires used in Dr. Robbins’s
study would be ________ data, whereas the arrest records would be ________ data.

Select one of the following:

  • L; B

  • S; I

  • S; L

  • B; L

Explanation

Question 10 of 86

1

To assess the personality traits of a group of 5-year-olds, researchers use puppets to illustrate different
personality traits. Children are then asked to pick the puppet that best matches their personality. This is
an example of ________ data.

Select one of the following:

  • S

  • I

  • L

  • B

Explanation

Question 11 of 86

1

________ data are the most frequently used basis for personality assessment.

Select one of the following:

  • B

  • L

  • S

  • I

Explanation

Question 12 of 86

1

I data are ________.

Select one of the following:

  • self-judgments

  • judgments made by knowledgeable observers

  • easily observable, real-life outcomes

  • direct observations of the subject in some predefined context

Explanation

Question 13 of 86

1

I data essentially measure ________.

Select one of the following:

  • your internal states or emotions

  • your level of self-awareness

  • your reputation

  • work productivity (in industrial psychology)

Explanation

Question 14 of 86

1

According to the text, accidental mistakes in judging personality are considered ________, whereas
inaccurate judgments that are influenced by prejudices are considered ________.

Select one of the following:

  • biases; stereotypes

  • heuristic errors; formal errors

  • errors; biases

  • trivial; serious

Explanation

Question 15 of 86

1

What is the minimum number of informants that Funder recommends for each person in a study?

Select one of the following:

  • one

  • two

  • three

  • five

Explanation

Question 16 of 86

1

According to the text, what simple example of L data is considered by clinical psychologists to be a
potential indicator of psychopathology?

Select one of the following:

  • an arrest record by age 21

  • an annual income below the poverty line

  • being fired from a job by age 30

  • never being married by age 40

Explanation

Question 17 of 86

1

The Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach test elicit ________ data.

Select one of the following:

  • L

  • I

  • S

  • B

Explanation

Question 18 of 86

1

The typical experimental social psychologist collects ________ data.

Select one of the following:

  • B

  • I

  • L

  • S

Explanation

Question 19 of 86

1

To obtain S data, a psychologist can ________.

Select one of the following:

  • develop a questionnaire

  • recruit informants

  • observe the subject directly

  • look up information in public records

Explanation

Question 20 of 86

1

What you do may be influenced by how you see yourself and how you are seen by others. This means
that your self-perceptions and others’ perceptions have ________.

Select one of the following:

  • definitional truth

  • causal truth

  • phenomenological force

  • causal force

Explanation

Question 21 of 86

1

What is the best way for a researcher to judge the face validity of items on a measure?

Select one of the following:

  • Conduct an exploratory factor analysis on the items.

  • Conduct a confirmatory factor analysis on the items.

  • Conduct an internal consistency analysis on the items.

  • Read and consider the content of the items.

Explanation

Question 22 of 86

1

________ data are fairly easily verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes of possible psychological
significance.

Select one of the following:

  • S

  • B

  • I

  • L

Explanation

Question 23 of 86

1

________ data derive from the researcher’s direct observation of what the subject does.

Select one of the following:

  • L

  • I

  • S

  • B

Explanation

Question 24 of 86

1

In a priming study, participants solved puzzles that included words such as gray, wise, retired, and
Florida. After solving these puzzles, participants were observed as they walked down a hallway. The
observation of participants’ speed of walking would be considered ________ data.

Select one of the following:

  • experience sampling

  • experimental B

  • L

  • projective

Explanation

Question 25 of 86

1

Which kind of data would be the easiest way to obtain information about the content of dreams?

Select one of the following:

  • S

  • B

  • L

  • I

Explanation

Question 26 of 86

1

Dr. Garcia wants to measure the earliest autobiographical memories of the participants in her project.
She would most likely obtain ________ data.

Select one of the following:

  • L

  • I

  • S

  • B

Explanation

Question 27 of 86

1

Different informants may not agree about the personality of a common target individual because
________.

Select one of the following:

  • each judge may see the target person in only a limited number of social contexts

  • judges may form a mistaken impression based on the recollection of a single,
    uncharacteristic behavior

  • some informants may have biases that affect the accuracy of their judgments

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 28 of 86

1

What kinds of behaviors by an acquaintance would most likely be remembered?

Select one of the following:

  • an atypical behavior that was emotionally evocative

  • only behaviors consistent with the acquaintance’s personality

  • the most recently observed typical behavior

  • behaviors that are observed every day

Explanation

Question 29 of 86

1

Records of employee absenteeism are what type of data?

Select one of the following:

  • S

  • B

  • I

  • L

Explanation

Question 30 of 86

1

Which of the following types of personality data is the most objective and verifiable?

Select one of the following:

  • S

  • B

  • I

  • L

Explanation

Question 31 of 86

1

Which of the following would be an example of natural B data?

Select one of the following:

  • observations of the number of times a subject told a joke in a day

  • number of seconds a subject waits before seeking help in an experimental emergency
    situation

  • a subject’s verbal responses to a Rorschach test

  • number of times a subject interrupts others during a videotaped laboratory situation

Explanation

Question 32 of 86

1

Which type of data is likely to be the most subjective and judgmental?

Select one of the following:

  • I

  • B

  • L

  • S

Explanation

Question 33 of 86

1

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered B data?

Select one of the following:

  • measures of heart rate and other physiological measurements

  • observation of how many times a participant spoke during a five-minute conversation

  • a psychologist’s interpretation of a participant’s responses to an unstructured clinical
    interview

  • a participant’s records of his daily activities in a daily research “diary”

Explanation

Question 34 of 86

1

When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to know the answer, the question elicits
________. When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to see how the individual will
respond to that stimulus, the test elicits ________.

Select one of the following:

  • B data; I data

  • S data; I data

  • S data; B data

  • laboratory B data; natural B data

Explanation

Question 35 of 86

1

Which kind of data is the LEAST expensive to collect?

Select one of the following:

  • L

  • S

  • I

  • B

Explanation

Question 36 of 86

1

According to the text, which of the following is another term for behavioral confirmation?

Select one of the following:

  • action verification

  • causal force

  • expectancy effect

  • narcissistic reflection

Explanation

Question 37 of 86

1

The tendency for us to become what other people believe us to be is called a(n) ________ effect.

Select one of the following:

  • confirmation

  • expectancy

  • fish-and-water

  • self-monitoring

Explanation

Question 38 of 86

1

The fact that behavior is frequently determined by multiple causes presents the most significant
disadvantage for ________ data.

Select one of the following:

  • B

  • L

  • I

  • S

Explanation

Question 39 of 86

1

The judgments that others make of your personality affect your opportunities and expectancies. Thus,
these judgments have ________.

Select one of the following:

  • generalizability

  • validity

  • causal force

  • reliability

Explanation

Question 40 of 86

1

A major advantage of S data is that ________.

Select one of the following:

  • only a trained personality psychologist can interpret S data

  • the best information about personality is obtainable from real-life social outcomes

  • you are the world’s best expert about your own personality

  • to assess personality, you must observe what the person actually does

Explanation

Question 41 of 86

1

If Dr. O’Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O’Connell want to avoid using S data?

Select one of the following:

  • The person supplying the S data may not want to or be able to provide accurate reports
    about Laura.

  • The S data often do not have psychological relevance.

  • The S data are influenced by too many factors to reveal much about a person’s
    personality.

  • The S data have definitional truth.

Explanation

Question 42 of 86

1

Because Jesse’s teacher believes that he is intelligent, she challenges him with extra assignments and
generally encourages his curiosity. At the end of the school year, Jesse performs better on the school’s
achievement test than any other student. Jesse’s enhanced performance is likely due to the ________.

Select one of the following:

  • recency effect

  • expectancy effect

  • self-serving bias

  • judgment bias

Explanation

Question 43 of 86

1

A researcher asks participants to imagine that they have been excluded from their circle of friends and
then takes images of their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning
technology. The images generated in this study would be considered ________ data.

Select one of the following:

  • experience sampling

  • experimental B

  • L

  • projective

Explanation

Question 44 of 86

1

The most important advantage of B data is that they are based on ________.

Select one of the following:

  • common sense, so they have greater psychological relevance

  • a report by the best expert, so they are more accurate

  • direct psychological tests, so they have greater causal force and scientific value

  • direct observations of behavior, so they are more objective and quantifiable

Explanation

Question 45 of 86

1

When someone is high in narcissism, what type of data about this person might be the LEAST
trustworthy?

Select one of the following:

  • B

  • I

  • L

  • S

Explanation

Question 46 of 86

1

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of I data?

Select one of the following:

  • They have causal force.

  • They include common sense.

  • They are based on large amounts of information.

  • They come from carefully controlled experimental situations.

Explanation

Question 47 of 86

1

A major disadvantage of L data is ________.

Select one of the following:

  • that they provide too much information

  • that informants may have access to only a narrow range of the target’s behavior

  • that the data are influenced by multiple factors besides just personality

  • that judges may be biased about the person they are describing

Explanation

Question 48 of 86

1

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data?

Select one of the following:

  • Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation.

  • Direct observations are easily quantifiable.

  • Direct observations can be made with extreme precision, as in the case of reaction times.

  • Psychologists can construct situations to elicit particular behaviors.

Explanation

Question 49 of 86

1

One concern with items on measures like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is
that they often lack face validity. What kind of problem does this create?

Select one of the following:

  • Participants can easily fake responses on the items.

  • Such items raise concerns with social desirability.

  • Responses are difficult to interpret in psychological terms.

  • Such items tend to make participants very anxious.

Explanation

Question 50 of 86

1

As part of a research project, a participant uses a smart phone application that signals her at random
times throughout the day. At those times, the application presents a series of questions for her to
answer regarding her current activities. This is an example of ________ data.

Select one of the following:

  • experience sampling

  • experimental B

  • L

  • projective

Explanation

Question 51 of 86

1

What term describes computer-assisted methods to measure thoughts and feelings that occur during
normal daily activities?

Select one of the following:

  • experiential assessment

  • ambulatory assessment

  • projective assessment

  • digitally assisted experimental assessment

Explanation

Question 52 of 86

1

What term is sometimes used to describe instruments like the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception
Test (TAT)?

Select one of the following:

  • S instruments

  • omnibus personality test batteries

  • objective tests

  • performance-based personality tests

Explanation

Question 53 of 86

1

A behavioroid measure is a combination of which two types of data?

Select one of the following:

  • S and B

  • L and B

  • I and B

  • S and L

Explanation

Question 54 of 86

1

According to principles described in the text, it would be relatively difficult to create a reliable
measure of attitudes toward ________.

Select one of the following:

  • paper clips

  • casual sexual encounters

  • outgroup members

  • the self (like self-esteem)

Explanation

Question 55 of 86

1

If measurement errors are truly random, then they should ________.

Select one of the following:

  • never occur

  • not affect the reliability of a measure

  • not attenuate the validity of a measure

  • sum to zero

Explanation

Question 56 of 86

1

Which formula in psychometrics quantifies the principle of aggregation?

Select one of the following:

  • alpha

  • Spearman-Brown

  • kappa

  • Kaiser-Guttman

Explanation

Question 57 of 86

1

If you can get the same answer repeatedly, then your measure is ________.

Select one of the following:

  • reliable

  • valid

  • significant

  • generalizable

Explanation

Question 58 of 86

1

The technical meaning of reliability refers to ________.

Select one of the following:

  • how much measurement error is present in your assessment instrument

  • whether an instrument accurately assesses the construct it is intended to measure

  • whether an instrument correlates with a similar measure of the same construct

  • whether a sample of participants reasonably represents the population of interest

Explanation

Question 59 of 86

1

On Friday, Terence completes the Self-Monitoring Scale and receives a score of 49. On the following
Tuesday, he fills out the scale again and receives a score of 28. Terence’s scores on the Self-
Monitoring Scale do not appear to be ________.

Select one of the following:

  • valid

  • reliable

  • significant

  • free of unwanted biases

Explanation

Question 60 of 86

1

Linda is taking an intelligence test. During the test, the teachers walk through the halls and chat loudly
with each other. Due to these distractions, Linda scores lower on the test than she would have if she
had been able to concentrate fully. The influence of the teachers’ chatting is an example of ________.

Select one of the following:

  • reliability

  • a validity bias

  • a cohort effect

  • measurement error

Explanation

Question 61 of 86

1

The most important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to ________.

Select one of the following:

  • use the smallest possible number of items

  • measure something that is important

  • aggregate your measurements

  • maximize error variance

Explanation

Question 62 of 86

1

At the heart of aggregation is the idea that ________.

Select one of the following:

  • random errors cancel each other out

  • random errors never cancel each other out

  • reliable errors cancel each other out

  • a sufficiently precise measure has no reliable error

Explanation

Question 63 of 86

1

Dr. Grant is creating a new measure of shyness, and she decides to include more than one item in her
scale. She believes that using multiple items will lead to a more reliable measure. Dr. Grant is
following which principle of measurement?

Select one of the following:

  • multitrait assessment

  • content validation

  • aggregation

  • construct validation

Explanation

Question 64 of 86

1

A researcher can increase the reliability of a personality test by ________.

Select one of the following:

  • refusing to aggregate items

  • measuring something important

  • using very few items to reduce the risk of mistakes

  • constructing items with complicated words and phrases

Explanation

Question 65 of 86

1

Which of the following is NOT likely to undermine the reliability of a survey?

Select one of the following:

  • entering data into a database incorrectly after collection

  • the immediate state of the participant

  • the mood of the experimenter

  • aggregation of responses to different items

Explanation

Question 66 of 86

1

In simple language, questions about reliability concern ________, whereas questions about validity
concern ________.

Select one of the following:

  • accuracy; consistency

  • consistency; dependability

  • stability; dependability

  • consistency; accuracy

Explanation

Question 67 of 86

1

Validity is the degree to which a measurement ________.

Select one of the following:

  • is consistent and stable

  • provides the same result if repeated

  • actually reflects or measures what you think it does

  • is reliable

Explanation

Question 68 of 86

1

According to Cronbach and Meehl’s (1955) terminology, psychological attributes such as intelligence
and sociability are examples of ________, whereas an IQ test and extraversion questionnaire are both
examples of specific tests or measurements.

Select one of the following:

  • constructs

  • valid ideas

  • assessments

  • manifest factors

Explanation

Question 69 of 86

1

Jane recently completed a new test that was designed to measure her IQ. She took the test twice and
each time received the same score. The test administrator told her that her scores indicate she is
extremely intelligent. However, Jane scored well below average when she completed the Stanford-
Binet and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), two well-established intelligence tests. Based
on this pattern of results, it appears that the new measure of IQ was a ________.

Select one of the following:

  • valid measure of intelligence

  • valid but unreliable measure of intelligence

  • reliable but not valid measure of intelligence

  • more accurate measure of intelligence than the Stanford-Binet or the WAIS

Explanation

Question 70 of 86

1

Reliability is ________ for validity.

Select one of the following:

  • a necessary and sufficient condition

  • a necessary but not sufficient condition

  • a sufficient condition

  • not at all relevant

Explanation

Question 71 of 86

1

A research strategy that involves gathering as many different measurements as you can of a particular
construct and determining if those measurements correlate is called ________.

Select one of the following:

  • construct validation

  • aggregation validation

  • generalization

  • internal validation

Explanation

Question 72 of 86

1

Many psychologists tend to use college students as participants in their research and then assume that
what they learn applies to people in general. However, this common practice may limit ________.

Select one of the following:

  • the ecological reliability of their research

  • the internal validity of their studies

  • the generalizability of their findings

  • the construct validity of their studies

Explanation

Question 73 of 86

1

Reliability and validity are actually both aspects of a broader concept called ________.

Select one of the following:

  • factorial invariance

  • psychometric integrity

  • measurement equivalence

  • generalizability

Explanation

Question 74 of 86

1

The fact that much of modern empirical research in psychology has been based on white, middle-class
college sophomores may reduce the ________ of psychological research.

Select one of the following:

  • generalizability

  • reliability

  • validity

  • statistical significance

Explanation

Question 75 of 86

1

Which of the following sampling methods affords a researcher the greatest generalizability?

Select one of the following:

  • randomly selecting a sample of introductory psychology students

  • randomly selecting a sample of both high school and college students

  • recruiting all the executives at a large company to participate

  • selecting participants using a random telephone dialing system

Explanation

Question 76 of 86

1

According to the text, which of the following would NOT be a threat to the generalizability of
personality research?

Select one of the following:

  • More women than men participate in research.

  • Participants who show up for research studies are more conventional than individuals who
    do not show up.

  • Personality researchers strive to study multiple cohorts.

  • Much personality research is based on samples of college students.

Explanation

Question 77 of 86

1

Narrative psychology is an example of the ________ method.

Select one of the following:

  • case study

  • correlational

  • experimental

  • behavioral

Explanation

Question 78 of 86

1

What is the big disadvantage of the case study method?

Select one of the following:

  • It describes isolated variables, not the whole phenomenon.

  • It is rarely the source of testable hypotheses.

  • It does not usually apply to particular individuals, only to groups.

  • It is not generalizable.

Explanation

Question 79 of 86

1

The major difference between the experimental and correlational methods is that in the experimental
method the presumed causal variable is ________, whereas in the correlational method the same
variable is ________.

Select one of the following:

  • externally derived; internally derived

  • significant; important

  • manipulated; measured

  • reliable; valid

Explanation

Question 80 of 86

1

The strongest advantage of the experimental method is that ________.

Select one of the following:

  • it allows the assessment of causality

  • it allows the study of naturally occurring individual differences that already exist in the
    participants

  • participants are always randomly sampled from the general population

  • it can take advantage of extreme levels of the independent variable

Explanation

Question 81 of 86

1

Random assignment allows researchers to ________.

Select one of the following:

  • ignore problems of measurement

  • assume that groups of participants are more or less equivalent on preexisting conditions

  • ignore ethical constraints on research

  • control for selective attrition

Explanation

Question 82 of 86

1

If test scores decrease as anxiety increases, then ________.

Select one of the following:

  • test scores and anxiety are positively correlated

  • test scores and anxiety are negatively correlated

  • test scores and anxiety are unrelated

  • the correlation between test scores and anxiety must be 1.0

Explanation

Question 83 of 86

1

Dr. Low is interested in studying the effect mood has on the willingness to help a stranger. She
randomly assigns half of her participants to the pleasant mood condition and shows them funny film
clips. The other half of her participants is assigned to the unpleasant mood condition and is forced to
watch boring film clips. She then gives every participant an opportunity to donate money to a
homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design.

Select one of the following:

  • experimental

  • correlational

  • case study

  • repeated measures

Explanation

Question 84 of 86

1

To conduct an experimental study of the causal effect smoking has on physical health, we would have
to ________.

Select one of the following:

  • find a group of smokers and compare their physical health to a group of nonsmokers

  • randomly assign some people to a smoking condition and some others to a control
    condition

  • compare the physical health of a heavy smoker to the physical health of a person who has
    never smoked

  • teach one group of people to adopt good health habits and see if they are more likely to
    begin smoking than a group of people who have not been taught good health habits

Explanation

Question 85 of 86

1

Dr. Low is interested in studying the relation between mood and willingness to help a stranger. Every
participant in her study completes a mood-rating questionnaire and is then given an opportunity to
donate money to a homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design.

Select one of the following:

  • experimental

  • correlational

  • case study

  • repeated measures

Explanation

Question 86 of 86

1

Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem?

Select one of the following:

  • experimental

  • correlational

  • case study

  • repeated measures

Explanation

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