Learning about another culture is often greatest
Once the anthropologist has been accepted as a member of the group
Following a rupture of communication between anthropologist and informant
ONce the anthropologist has learned to avoid culture shock
Cultural Anthropological fieldwork is
Not always done in a Non-western society
A collaborative effort on the part of both anthropologist & Informant
Responsible for the majority of anthropological knowledge
All of the above
Eric Luke Lassiter urges that ethnographers go beyond the dialectic of fieldwork to do what?
Produce collaborative written ethnographic texts in which informants become "co-intellectuals" alongside the trained ethnographer
Move in with their informants and become one of them
Abandon ethnographic writing for activism
The ethnographic research method that relies primarily on face-to-face contact with people as they go about their daily lives is called
Interviewing
Scientific Observation
Participant Observation
The production of objective knowledge about reality that is absolute and true for all times and places is a goal of -
Anthropology
Positivism
Fieldwork
The people who become a cultural anthropoligst's key informants tend to be-
People who are rather marginal in the society
Outcasts
The equivalent of college professors in their own society
According to the test, anthropological knowledge is
Subjective
Intersubjective
Objective
The dialectic of fieldwork refers to the
Personal and financial connection between the anthropologists and the informants
Mutual construction of cross-cultural knowledge about the informant's culture by anthropologist and informant together
Gradual discovery of the truth about a society through the anthropologist's careful research
Which of the following is involved in deciding where an anthropologist will do his or her fieldwork?
Intellectual debates in anthropology
Whether visas and research clearances are available in a specific country
The interests of funding agencies
The jolt that often accompanies an encounter with cultural practices that are unexpected and unfamiliar is called
Participant-observation
Dialogue
Culture Shock
An extended period of research during which an anthropologist gathers firsthand data about life in a particular society is called
Graduate School
What are "rich points", according to Michael Agar
Cases with many different meanings
Moments when the anthropologist's informants finally figure out the questions being asked
Unexpected moments when problems in cross-cultural understanding emerge
Which of the following is not an approach to ethnographic fieldwork?
The postivist approach
The reflexive approach
The multi-sited approach
All of the above are approaches to ethnographic fieldwork
Political conquest of one society by another, followed by cultural domination with enforced social change is a definition of-
Capitalism
Colonialism
Feudalism
The theory that proposed a series of stages through which all societies had passed or must pass to reach civilization is called
Culture area theory
Unilineal cultural evolutionism
Diffusionism
Which of the following was an effect of the fur trade on the indigenous people of North America?
They were able to ignore it for long periods of time
It caused serious problems for those groups that were dedicated to it once the fur-bearing animals were gone
It led to the development of cole ties between indigenous peoples and the major nations of Europe and Asia
A small, egalitarian social grouping whose members neither farm nor herd, but depend on wild food resources is called a
band
tribe
chiefdom
Which of the following statements about the fate of non-Western peoples in the wake of European exploration conquest, colonization, and decolonization is FALSE?
European contact affect these societies in a radical way
Fragments of precontact societies survive today
An impressive variety of forms of human society remain, despite the Western onslaught
Life in the non-Western world today remains timeless and unchanged
Continued economic and political influence by former colonial powers following the political independanece of their former colonies is called
Neocolonialism
The key metaphor of capitalism is
Those whose live by the sword die by the sword
The world is a market and everything has its price
Buy low, sell high
A hierarchical, stratified society in which some groups permanently monopolize wealth, power, and prestige is called a
State
Band
Tribe
Chiefdom
The study of the sound of language is called
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
The study of language ideology discloses which of the following?
Speakers' basic understandings of the world
Power differences in the social world of the speakers
Universal grammatical features of languages
Both a and b
The design feature of language called "openness" refers to the
Possibility of speaking without fear of a censor
Capacity of putting the speaker's true feelings into words
Ability to create new linguistic messages freely and easily
Connection between sound and brain
Nonhuman primates cannot communicate vocally about absent or nonexistent objects or past or future events. Thus, their call systems lack the linguistic design feature of
Complete feedback
Displacement
Discreteness
Human linguistic messages can be false, and they can be meaningless in the logician's sense. This highlights the linguistic design feature of
Interchangeability
Prevarication
Duality of patterning
Reflexiveness
The mastery of adult grammar is called
Specialization
Communicative competence
Linguistic competence
Human languages are patterned at different levels, and the patterns that characterize one level cannot be reduced to the pattern of any other level. Hockett recognized this phenomenon in which of his linguistic design features?
Which component of language is concerned with the way in which words are put together?
The transfer of information from one person to another is
Communication
Language
Speech
Religious specialists skilled in the practice of religious rituals, which they carry out for the benefit of the group, are called
Shamans
Priests
Oracles
In some religious systems, certain objects or people may not be touched or else the cosmic power in them may drain away. This feature is captured in the minimal category of religion called
Physiological exercise
Mana
Sacrifice
Taboo
To many people, the American flag stands for the "American way." The flag is thus an example of a(n)
Elaborating symbol
Summarizing symbol
Personal symbol
Archetype
Syncretism involves
Discarding the old ways and embracing the new
Resisting the new ways and defending the old
Combining the old and the new in an attempt to cope with change circumstances
The growth of Western science contributed to the rise of which of the following kinds of key metaphor?
Societal
Technological
Religious
Organic
How do the congregants at the evangelical Vineyard Christian Fellowship appear to explain misfortune?
Victims have been attacked by witchcraft made by unknown enemies
They do not offer any cause for misfortune, but instead seek solutions in their religious practices for it.
Misfortune stems from social forces beyond their control
When one worldview is backed by the powerful in society and alternative worldviews are censored, many social scientists would start to call the dominant worldview
A philosophy
An Ideology
Secularism
A religion
Encompassing pictures of reality created by the members of a particular society are called
Metaphors
Schemas
Experiential gestalts
Worldviews
Part-time religious practitioners who are believed to have the power to contact supernatural forces directly are called
Witches
The separation of religion and state following the European Englightenment is called
Democracy
Multiculturalism
Orthopraxy
When the characteristics of human beings are attributed to nonhuman entities, this is an example of
A technological metaphor
An organic metaphor
Personification
Both b and c
The Azande use chicken for
Celebrations
Detecting witches
Enhancing the powers of witchcraft
Which of the following are analytic, providing people with categories for thinking about the order of the world?
Elaborating symbols
Summarizing symbols
Personal symbols
National symbols
Symbols may be
Words
Images
Actions
What is the conscious, deliberate attempt by some members of a society to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis by defending their own way of life?
Syncretism
Revitalization
Communitas
Liminality
For anthropologists, "religion" includes
A belief in God
The assertion of idiosyncratic individuals beliefs about "reality"
Claims that there is a reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses
The kinship is created by birth is called
Collaterality
Bifurcation
Affinity
Consanguinity
A descent group formed by people who can specify their connections to one another through parent-child links to a common ancestor is a
Lineage
Clan
Moiety
For anthropologists, a nuclear family is made up of
A married couple
A married couple and their children
Extended family
Kinship terminologies suggest
The boundaries of the significant groups in the society
Where cleavages within groups are likely to occur
The structure of rights and obligations assigned to different members of the society
In addition to establishing links between generations through descent, kinship serves to establish
Legitimacy of children
Residence rules
Inheritance rules
According to Benedict Anderson, "imagined communities" are
Groups whose members' knowledge of one another does not come from regular face-to-face interactions but is based on shared experiences with national institutions such as schools and government bureaucracies
All communities larger than primordial villages of face-to-face contact
Social groups that have existed since the beginning of time
Families in which several generations live together in a single household are called
Nuclear families
Extended families
Joint families
The study of kinship became important in anthropology because
Kinship could be reduced to biology and thus could make cross-culutral comparison objective
It showed how people could maintain social order without the institution of the state
It enabled anthropologists to explain why some societies had remained primitive and others had advanced
Kinship no longer existed in Western societies
Kinship relations based on nurturance are called
Marriage
Adoption
Descent
Kinship relationships based on birth are called
Which of the following observations about kinship is stressed by the authors of the text?
Different societies have chosen to highlight some features of the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance while downplaying or ignoring others
Kinship is reducible to biology
Kinship is a difficult and complex set of rules that societies follow
Kinship relationships derived from mating are called
The kinship tie created by marriage is called
According to the text, culture consists of
those elements of the human experience that require education and good taste, such as art, music, and dance
sets of learned behaviors and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society
set of innate instincts that enable humans to function in a complex world
A comparative study of many cultures is called
ethnography
ethnohistory
ethnology
To claim that members of a particular social group do not typically eat insects because they have learned to label insects as inedible is to use an explanation based on
genetic programming
biology
ethnocentriscm
culture
A description of a particular culture is called an
To be very poor and powerless in Haiti is to increase the likelihood that one will suffer
Disease
Hunger
Suffering
Violence
Which of the following statements best describes culture-bound syndromes as described as described in the text?
They are essentially indistinguishable from endemic disease
They are found only in small-scale societies
None of the above
Charles Leslie employed the term "cosmopolitan medicine" to
Emphasize that the practice of medicine is something found primarily in urban areas
Indicate that non-Western medical beliefs and practices are best understood as cultural systems
Suggest that biomedical approaches were one of a number of possible alternatives available to many people in multicultural societies
When AIDS patients in Brazil organized politically to protest the cost of drugs that effectively deprived the poor of access to effective therapy for their condition
They exhibited a social identity based on shared medical diagnosis
They demanded that the state acknowledge that health was a human right
They asserted their biological legitimacy
They made the government respond to their citizen's health needs
Severe suffering caused by forces and agents beyond individual control is called
Stress
Trauma
Torture
Structural context
Use of the term "suffering" by many medical anthropologists to describe forms of distress experienced by individuals suggests
That they believe that biomedical understandings of health and disease should not be used
That they believe that biomedical understandings of health and disease are not universal
A person's coping strategies can be maladaptive
Although biomedicine has held that certain experiences can be taken as a sign of mental disturbance
The case of evangelical Christians suggests how "hearing voices" can be good for people
Believing in the ability of nonmaterial objects to penetrate the body is a clear indicator of emerging psychosis
The experience of virtual reality gamers demonstrates that a divided self need not indicate a psychotic condition
Both a and c
Structural violence results from
Residual damage when buildings, bridges, or other similar structures collapse
The way that political and economic forces structure risk for suffering within a population
Military operations that are the result of civil war and interal unrest
Researchers who consider the connection between aspects of culture, socioeconoic conditions, politics, and human health in what subfield of anthroplogy?
Biological
Archaeology
Medical Anthropology
The primary lesson to be learned from the example provided in the text regarding lactose intolerance is that
South Asians become sick when they try to consume powdered milk
Adults who are able to absorb lactose from milk effectively appear to be genetically related to human populations with a history of dairying
Most human infants are able to absorb lactose
Based on the explanations provided in the textbook, one way we might distinguish between "disease" and "illness" is to say
That whereas disease is universal, illness applies only to particular cultural groups
That disease refers to biological processes recognized and described within biomedicine, whereas illness is described as an individual's own interpretation of his or her suffering
That disease refers to more serious forms of illness that needs to be treated by scientific medicine
Symbolically important goods transferred from the family of the groom to the family of the bride in exchange for the loss of the bride's labor and childbearing capacity are called
Bridewealth
Bloodwealth
Dowry
Gay and lesbian activists studied by Kath Weston in San Francisco in the 1980s based their theory of family ties on
Birth
Nurturance
In Zumbagua, Ecuador, a family is defined as
Mother, Father, and unmarried children
Mother and children
Those who eat together
A transfer of wealth, usually from parents to their daughter, at the time of her marriage, is called
The distinction made between the mother's side of the family and the father's side of the family is called
Every religious system in the world has a customary way of addressing the supernatural. This feature is captured by the minimal category of religion called
Prayer
Exhortation
Metaphors, or the symbols that represent them, can be used as instruments of power when
They are under the direct control of a person wishing to affect the behavior of others
They are used for reference or in support of certain conduct
Some people are able to impose their metaphors on others
According to the text, what keeps cultural anthropology from being one person's subjective impression of other people?
The fact that fieldwork is dialogue
The fact that anthropology is a science
The fact that anthropologists are trained to avoid ethnocentrism
According to David Hess, cited in the test, what is a fact?
A piece of reality
A taken-for-granted item of common knowledge
What is left when everything is explained
Whatever the anthropologist says it is, after careful research
"Rich Points," Michael Agar's expression discussed in the text, are
Places where the anthropologists must pay more for information because it is so sensitive
Field data are the product of long discussions between researcher and informant in which both try to figure out a world that they share. In a word, they are
Reflexivity is
An automatic response
The outcome of objective observation and dispassionate analysis
Thinking about thinking
Positivists accept that
Reality can be known through the five senses
It is necessary to sensitive to the way things ought to be and not just they way things are
Human beings are significantly different from other kinds of natural phenomena
Which of the following is NOT an approach to ethnographic fieldwork?
The positivist approach
The work of many American anthropologists in the early part of the 20th century was called the "salvage ethnography" because
It was carried out among so-called "savage" peoples
Officials in state and national government were trying to eliminate the Bureau of Ethnology
It was widely believed that the people among whom the anthropologists worked were doomed to disappear
Western European contact with the rest of the world was
Neutral
Based on political and economic interests
Egalitarian
Intended to promote cross-cultural understanding
A holistic term that attempts to capture the centrality of material interest and the use of power to defend the interest is
Political economy
Sacred persuasion
Secular persuasion
Classifications of human societies help us to
Perceive the sharp boundaries that separate societies from one another
See some of the ways societies are similar and different, while obscuring others
Understand why some societies are more advanced than others
If people, practices, or artifacts could move across social boundaries in the ways that boas and his students showed then this suggested that
The boundaries around societies were not impermeable
The supposedly firm boundaries around biological "races" were vulnerable to critique
Any particular association of linguistic and cultural practices with a particular human population was an artifact in history
Which of the following was NOT a stage in the unilineal cultural evolutionist's model?
Barbarism
Civilization
Savagery
Tribalism
The term culture area refers to a geographical region
In which a particular stage of cultural evolution has been reached
In which all societies can be classified as representatives of the same structural-functional type
Marking the limits of the diffusion of a particular cultural trait or set of traits
When Europeans first established commercial relationships in Africa
Within 10 years, they had conquered deeply into the continent
The Africans welcomed them as liberators from the cruel rulers of the coastal empires
They were not allowed to penetrate very far inland for more than 400 years
Political independence for colonies
Led to a return to traditional ways
Made little economic difference
Allowed the citizens of new states to take complete control of their own economic destinies
Both a & c
According to Marshall Sahlins, which of the following is a route to affluence?
Colonial conquest
producing much
Desiring little
Both b & c
According to the test, the division between food collectors and food producers illustrates a distinction between different kinds of
Survival strategies
nourishment strategies
subsistence strategies
To the question, "why do people x raise peanuts and sorghum" malinowski would reply
To meet their basic human need for food
Because peanuts and sorghum are the only food available in their ecozone that, when cultivated will meet their needs
Because both foods taken together provide complete proteins
Sometimes Western commodities are
rejected by vulnerable groups
used by local people for their own purposes, rather than for the purpose fr which they were originally designed
used to enrich culture
all of the above
The using up of material good necessary for human survival is called
Production
distribution
exchange
consumption
Play is
Consciously adapted
pleasurable
transformative
Some scholars have proposed that play is connected with
Developing cognitive and motor skills involving the brain
exercise
learning
Metacommunication refers to
communication systems in advanced societies
communication about communication
ordinary communication studied out of context
Where humor critical of rulers is censored, such humor
disappears
is directed into other channels
becomes a form of political resistence
Which of the following statements about sport is true?
In the world of institutionalized sport, play is the work of the players
play is only one component of sport
even if a sport has become institutionalized, the spectators are still playing
According to Christian Bromberger, French and Italian soccer fans are fascinated by the game because
The course of a match resembles the uncertain fate of people in the contemporary world
At the end they have a clear-cut demonstration of who the winners and losers are
Of the predictability of players' choise
Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation is a definition of
Games
Art
sport
A Javanese artist makes a puppet of the great mythic hero Arjuna out of water buffalo hide for use in the shadow puppet plays call wajang. This is an example of what the text calls
Transformation-representation
Aesthetic creation
formal evaluation
Artists in non-western societies
are divorced from everyday life
produce work that is more interesting to western collectors than it is to the people in their own societies
work with symbols that are of central importance to their societies
"Art by intention" inludes
objects that are made to be art
objects that have been made for religious purposes
objects that are found and exhibited
According to Shelly Errington as cited in the text, "art by appropriation" includes
objects that museums decided were art
african masks
ancestor figures from New Guinea
In today's global art market
People who make primitive or tribal art are no longer tribal
most producers of ethnic arts sell their work to wealthy western collectors
Producers of ethnic and tribal arts provides a new and successful economic strategy for tribal peoples
Which of the following statements reflects the way anthropologists understand myth?
Myths are flawed ttempts at science or history
myths may justify past action, explain action in the present, or generate future action
myths are tools for overcoming logical contradictions that cannot otherwise be overcome
Both b & c are true
Stories whose truth seems self-evident because they integrate personal experiences with a wider set of assumptions about the way the world works are called
folktales
metaphors
myths
Which of the following does not reflect the anthropological understanding ofritual?
Rituals are exclusively religious in nature
Rituals are repetitive social practices composed of a sequence ofsymbolic activites
ritual shapes action as well as thought
Which of the following is learned at a child's birthday party of the united states?
that exchanging material objects is important in defining significant social relations
how to symbolize friendship and socialability
how to share with others
What are the 3 stages of rites of passage?
separation, transition, reaggregation
effacement, transition, delivery
communitas, liminality, marginality
Liminal, from the Latin word limen, means
sprite
containing
transporting
threshold
Play communicates about ______ while ritual communicates about _____.
body; mind
what should be; what is
what can be; what out to be