Which of these vitamins are fat soluble?
A
D
E
K
B
C
Where are vitamins absorbed in the digestive tract?
100% in liver
40 - 90 % in the small intestine
40-50% in stomach
10% in mouth
5% in pancreas
Function of liver in absorbing vitamins?
Bile produced here improves motility
bile produced here helps to absorb water soluble vitamins
bile produced here helps to absorb fat soluble vitamins
bile releases vitamins from food
Where does some niacin absorption occur?
stomach
mouth
liver
pancreas
What is absorbed in the small intestine?
Water soluble vitamins
fat soluble vitamins
How are water soluble vitamins absorbed in the small intestine
simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
absorbed from micelles along with dietary fat
How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed in the small intestine?
from micelles along with dietary fat
Where is vitamin C absorbed?
in large intestine
in ileum
what does chewing do?
break apart fiber
break down fat
release vitamins
release enzymes
absorb carbohydrates
where is vitamin B12 absorbed?
ileum
large intestine
what is absorbed in the large intestine?
small amounts of vitamin K
large amounts of vitamin K
small amounts of biotin
large amounts of biotin
small amounts of pantothenic acid
large amounts of pantothenic acid
small amounts of vitamin B6
large amounts of vitamin B6
what is released by the pancreas?
pantothenic acid
vitamin C
digestive enzymes
bile
HCl Acid
Bioavailability refers to the amount of a nutrient that can be absorbed an utilized in the body
What affects bioavailability of vitamins?
solubility
energy requiring transport system
carrier proteins
concentration gradient
other vitamins
Which vitamins are all co enzymes
What do vitamins do?
promote body activities
regulate body activities
enhance body secretions
inhibit body secretions
What vitamins are stored in the body?
most water soluble vitamins
B12
B6
Where are fat soluble vitamins stored?
Liver
Fatty tissues
Urine
Stomach
Large intestine
What is the active form of thiamin in the body?
Thiamin pyrophosphate
Thiamine
Thyrophosphate
Vitamin B6
Function of thiamin in the body?
Essential to the energy-producing reactions
Exes tail to energy-using reactions
Essential to Breakdown of large molecules
Essential to build up of large molecules
Active forms of riboflavin in the body?
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Flavin mononucleotide
Flavin adenosine dineutralise
Flactin monosaccharide
Active forms of niacin in the body?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Nicotin amide dinucleotide phosphur
Nicotine amide dinucleotide
what are folate and folacin?
General terms for compounds that have chemical structures and nutritional properties similar to those of folic acid
Folic acid
Substrates similar to folatemin
Bases
Active form of B6 in the body?
Pyridoxal phosphate
Phosphate pyridoxal
Pyrimidal phosphur
Phosphur pyrimidal
Symptoms of folate deficiency
Poor growth
Rapid growth
Problems in Nerve development
Problems in Nerve function
Diarrhea
Constipation
Some causes of neural tube defects?
Low folate levels
High folate levels
Genetic predisposition
Age
Spina bifida and anencephaly are two forms of neural tube defects
What increases blood homocysteine levels?
Low intake of folate
High intake of folate
Low intake of thiamin
High intake fo thiamin
What may mask the early symptoms of a vitamin B12 deficiency?
A high intake of folate
A low intake of folate
A high intake of thiamin
A low intake of thiamin
UL of folate?
1000 micrograms per day
1000 grams per day
1000 milligrams per day
10 grams
What is necessary for the maintenance of myelin?
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin A
Which of these is not required for special handling of vitamin B12 in the digestive tract?
Stomach acid
Enzymes
Intrinsic factor
Myelin
What is important for the metabolism of odd-numbered fatty acids and methionine?
Active form of vitamin B12
Active form of vitamin B6
Active form of vitamin C
Active form of vitamin D
What is the active form of vitamin B12?
Vitamin B 6
Cobalmin coenzymes
Cholecalciferol
What can a vitamin B12 deficiency cause?
Macrocyclic megaloblastic anaemia
Microcytic anaemia
Folate deficiency
Microblastic anaemia
What is B12 required for?
Converting folate into form active for DNA synthesis
Converting folic acid into form active for DNA synthesis
Converting folic acid into form active for acid synthesis
Converting folate into form active for acid synthesis
What is the active form of vitamin C?
Ascorbic acid
Retinol
Riboflavin
What is the main function of ascorbic acid?
Reducing agent
Catalyst
Reduces disease
Oxidizing agent
Who in the population is highest at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency?
Patients with pernicious anemia
Patients with atrophied gastritis
Vegans
Someone taking high doses of folate supplements
*** What are some other functions of Vitamin C in the body?
Coenzyme for hydroxylation of prolyl-residues of collagen
Coenzyme for hydroxylation of lysyl-residues of collagen
Antioxidants preventing oxidative damage caused by free radicals
What is retinol?
A primary alcohol
An aldehyde derived from retinol
An acid derived from oxidation of retinal
When oxidized yields 2 molecules of retinal
What is retinal?
An aldehyde derived from oxidation of retinal
What is retinoic acid?
When oxidation yields 2 molecules of retinal
What is Beta-Carotene?
Where is preformed vitamin A found?
In animal foods
In plants
In olive oil
In whole wheat bread
Where is provitamins A found?
What are preformed vitamin A
Retinoids
Carotenoids
What are provitamins A compounds?
what can vitamin A deficiency cause?
Light blindness
Weak bones
Macrocyclic anaemia
Fat retention
What is cholecalciferol made in the skin from?
Cholesterol
Action of sunlight
Amino acids
What is cholecalciferol the active form of?
Vitamin E
What does vitamin D do in the body?
Maintains blood levels of calcium and phosphorus for bone health
Maintains normal function of parathyroid gland and the immune system
Prenevts certain types of cancer and heart disease
Protects against free radicals
What is the only form of Vitamin E that can meet human needs?
Alpha-tocopherol
Beta-tocopherol
Gamma-tocopherol
Delta-tocopherol
What is the main source of alpha-tocopherol?
Sunflower seeds
White rice
Lentils
Milk
*** what is synthetic alpha-tocopherol made of?
8 isomers
12 isomers
Where is most vitamin E then in the body?
Spleen
Intestines
What delivers vitamin E to the tissues in the body?
Lipoproteins
Catalysts
Carrier enzymes
Amalase
Lipase
What does vitamin E function primarily as?
A fat soluble antioxidant
A water soluble antioxidant
A fat soluble reducing agent
A water soluble reducing agent
**** What is absorbed vitamin E incorporated into?
Chylomicrons
What is vitamin E necessary for?
Reproductive function
Bone structure
Breakdown of fat
Kidney function
What does vitamin E protect?
Unsaturated fatty acid cells in cell membranes
Saturated fatty acid cells in cell membrane
Phospholipids in cell membrane
Free radicals in cell membranes
How does Vitamin E protect the cell membrane?
Neutralizing free radicals
Removing fatty acids
Replacing fatty acids
Repairing phospholipids
*** What can consumption in excess of fat soluble vitamins do?
Lead to toxic accumulation
Affect storage of water soluble vitamins
*** What is riobflavin essential for?
Energy producing reactions
Synthesis reaction
*** What is niacin essential to?
Energy producing and synthesis reactions
Just energy producing reactions
Just energy synthesis reactions
Which of these vitamins are water soluble?
Label the molecules
A metabolite of tryptophan can also be used in synthesis of NAD+
Biotin in the body is important for ...
Energy production
Metabolism of fatty acids
Metabolism of amino acids
The active form of biotin is a coenzyme that adds COOH to molecules
Pantothenic acid in the body is needed for...
Synthesis of fatty acids
Synthesis of cholesterol
The active form of pantothenic acid is...
A part of coenzyme A
A coenzyme that adds COOH to molecules
Vitamin B 12
Pantotheruse
Label the forms of vitamin B 6
An isoniazid-anti TB drug can induce vitamin B6 deficiency by forming an inactive derivative with pyridoxal phosphate.
Vitamin B6 in the body is important for...
synthesis reactions
Folate coenzymes are needed in the body for...
Transferring chemical groups containing a single carbon atom
Synthesis of DNA
Metabolism of some amino acids
Epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that higher dietary folate intake and blood folate levels are associated with higher risks of certain cancers
Choline is needed ....
To synthesize a number of important molecules
As a source of carbon atoms
For energy synthesis
For metabolism of fatty acids
Vitamin A effects cell differentiation through its effect of gene expression
Vitamin K has 2 forms...
Phylloquinone - found in plants
Menaquinone - found in fish oils and meats
Menaquinone - can be synthesized by bacteria
Phylloquinone x can be synthesized in bacteria
Vitamin K can be used in the body for ...
Energy synthesis
A coenzyme for the production of prothrombin
A coenzyme for the production of blood clotting factors
Health of bones
Health of blood vessels
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