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Biology Quiz on Bio Exam 3 Chapter 39, created by Hannah Moore on 26/03/2018.

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Bio Exam 3 Chapter 39

Question 1 of 60

1

The detector of light during de-etiolation (greening) of a tomato plant is (are) ________.

Select one of the following:

  • A) carotenoids

  • B) xanthophylls

  • C) phytochrome

  • D) auxin

Explanation

Question 2 of 60

1

Plant hormones ________.

Select one of the following:

  • A) in plant cells naturally exist in very large amounts

  • B) change their shape in response to stimulus

  • C) are unable to move from one cell to another

  • D) affect only cells with the appropriate receptor

Explanation

Question 3 of 60

1

Which of the following mechanisms is the correct sequence of events that takes place during the plant responses to internal and external signals?

Select one of the following:

  • A) transduction, reception, and response

  • B) reception and transduction

  • C) reception, transduction, and response

  • D) reception and response

Explanation

Question 4 of 60

1

Which of the following mechanisms is in the correct sequence of steps (I-IV as listed below) that takes place during the formation of de-etiolation (greening) response proteins in plants?

I. Detection of light signal
II. Activation of phytochrome
III. Activation of specific protein kinase1
IV. Formation of de-etiolation response protein

Select one of the following:

  • A) I, III, II, and IV

  • B) I, II, III, and IV

  • C) II, I, III, and IV

  • D) III, I, II, and IV

Explanation

Question 5 of 60

1

Which of the following can function in signal transduction in plants?

I. calcium ions
II. nonrandom mutations
III. receptor proteins
IV. autochrome
V. secondary messengers

Select one of the following:

  • A) only I, III, and IV

  • B) only I, II, and V

  • C) only I, III, and V

  • D) only II, III, and V

Explanation

Question 6 of 60

1

Plant hormones produce their effects by ________.

I. altering the expression of genes
II. modifying the permeability of the plasma membrane
III. modifying the structure of the nuclear envelope membrane

Select one of the following:

  • A) only I

  • B) only II

  • C) only III

  • D) only I and II

Explanation

Question 7 of 60

1

Plant hormonal regulation differs from animal hormonal regulation in that ________.

Select one of the following:

  • A) there are no dedicated hormone-producing organs in plants as there are in animals

  • B) all production of hormones is local in plants with little long-distance transport

  • C) only animal hormone concentrations are developmentally regulated

  • D) only animal hormones may have either external or internal receptors

Explanation

Question 8 of 60

1

Auxins in plants are known to affect which of the following processes?

I. gravitropism of shoots
II. maintenance of seed dormancy
III. phototropism of shoots
IV. inhibition of lateral buds
V. apical dominance

Select one of the following:

  • A) only I and II

  • B) only I, III, and V

  • C) only I, III, IV, and V

  • D) only II, III, IV, and V

Explanation

Question 9 of 60

1

Experiments on the positive phototropic response of plants indicate that ________.

Select one of the following:

  • A) light destroys auxin

  • B) auxin moves down the plant apoplastically

  • C) auxin is synthesized in the area where the stem bends

  • D) auxin can move to the shady side of the stem

Explanation

Question 10 of 60

1

What are the primary sites of auxin (IAA) production in plants?

Select one of the following:

  • A) shoot apical meristem and young leaves

  • B) roots

  • C) seeds

  • D) ripening fruits

Explanation

Question 11 of 60

1

What are the primary sites of ethylene production in high concentrations in plants?

Select one of the following:

  • A) shoot apical meristem and young leaves

  • B) roots

  • C) seeds

  • D) ripening fruits

Explanation

Question 12 of 60

1

Which one of the following hormones regulates cell division in plants?

Select one of the following:

  • A) auxin (IAA)

  • B) ethylene

  • C) gibberellins

  • D) cytokinins

Explanation

Question 13 of 60

1

Which one of the following hormones stimulates stem elongation and pollen tube growth?

Select one of the following:

  • A) auxin (IAA)

  • B) ethylene

  • C) gibberellins

  • D) cytokinins

Explanation

Question 14 of 60

1

Generally, each hormone has multiple functions in plants depending on ________.

I. site of action
II. its concentration
III. developmental stage
IV. age

Select one of the following:

  • A) I, II, III, and IV

  • B) I, II, and III

  • C) I and II

  • D) II

Explanation

Question 15 of 60

1

Apical dominance in plants is under the control of ________.

Select one of the following:

  • A) sugar

  • B) various plant hormones

  • C) cell division

  • D) sugar and various plant hormones

Explanation

Question 16 of 60

1

Arrange the following steps that occur during drought tolerance in plants in a correct sequence.

I. hormone ABA accumulation in the leaves
II. causes stomata to close
III. reduction in transpiration
IV. preventing further water loss

Select one of the following:

  • A) I, II, III, and IV

  • B) I, III, II, and IV

  • C) II, I, III, and IV

  • D) III, I, II, and IV

Explanation

Question 17 of 60

1

Which of the following statements best summarizes the acid growth hypothesis in an actively growing shoot?

Select one of the following:

  • A) Auxin stimulates proton pumps in the plasma membrane and tonoplast.

  • B) Auxin-activated proton pumps lower the pH of the cell wall, which breaks bonds and makes the walls more flexible.

  • C) Auxins and gibberellins together act as a lubricant to help stretch cellulose microfibrils.

  • D) Auxins activate aquaporins that increase turgor pressure in the cells.

Explanation

Question 18 of 60

1

Which of the following conclusions is supported by the research of both Peter Boysen-Jensen and Charles and Francis Darwin on shoot responses to light?

Select one of the following:

  • A) When shoots are exposed to light, a chemical substance migrates toward the light.

  • B) A chemical substance involved in shoot bending is produced in shoot tips.

  • C) Once shoot tips have been cut, normal growth cannot be induced.

  • D) Light stimulates the synthesis of a plant hormone that responds to light.

Explanation

Question 19 of 60

1

An eccentric millionaire botanist has offered a $25,000 scholarship to anyone who can successfully get a plant to grow through a vertical maze in complete darkness. The maze is not in a box; the maze is simply drawn on the wall, and the contestants must get their plant to grow in a pattern that matches the path through the maze. You need the money and feel confident that you can accomplish this task. Which of the following techniques will help you succeed?

Select one of the following:

  • A) Apply auxin directly to the shoot tip on the side to which you want the tip to bend.

  • B) Apply auxin directly to the part of the stem just below the tip opposite from the direction you want the stem to bend.

  • C) Inject compounds that block auxin receptors into the part of the stem opposite from the direction you want the stem to bend.

  • D) Plant the roots in two different pots, and apply auxin to the root bucket that is on the same side as the direction you want the plant to bend.

Explanation

Question 20 of 60

1

You have a small tree in your yard that is the height that you want it, but does not have as many branches as you want. How can you prune it to trigger it to increase the number of branches?

Select one of the following:

  • A) Cut off the leaves at the ends of several branches.

  • B) Cut off the tips of the main shoots.

  • C) Cut off lower branches.

  • D) Cut off the leaves at the base of most of the branches.

Explanation

Question 21 of 60

1

) As cytokinins are primarily produced in roots, what route would they travel to influence lateral shoot formation in a recently topped tree?

Select one of the following:

  • A) symplastic

  • B) tracheids/vessels

  • C) phloem

  • D) apoplastic

Explanation

Question 22 of 60

1

Who might be interested in using cytokinins?

Select one of the following:

  • A) grocers, to spray on fruit to enhance ripening in the store

  • B) consumers, to spray on fruit before eating to enhance taste

  • C) florists, to dip stems in to keep leaves green longer

  • D) farmers, to spray on fruit after picking to stall ripening

Explanation

Question 23 of 60

1

If a farmer wanted more loosely packed clusters of grapes, he would most likely spray the immature bunches with ________.

Select one of the following:

  • A) auxin

  • B) gibberellins

  • C) cytokinins

  • D) abscisic acid

Explanation

Question 24 of 60

1

________ prevents seeds from germinating until conditions are favorable for the growth of the plant.

Select one of the following:

  • A) Ethylene

  • B) Zeaxanthin

  • C) Gibberellin

  • D) Abscisic acid

Explanation

Question 25 of 60

1

A population of plants experiences several years of severe drought. Much of the population dies due to lack of water, but a few individuals survive. You set out to discover the physiological basis for their adaptation to such an extreme environmental change. You hypothesize that the survivors have the ability to synthesize higher levels of ________ than their siblings do

Select one of the following:

  • A) auxin

  • B) gibberellin

  • C) cytokinin

  • D) abscisic acid

Explanation

Question 26 of 60

1

If you were shipping green bananas to a supermarket thousands of miles away, which of the following chemicals would you want to eliminate from the plants' environment?

Select one of the following:

  • A) carbon dioxide

  • B) cytokinins

  • C) ethylene

  • D) auxin

Explanation

Question 27 of 60

1

In the fall, the leaves of some trees change color. This happens because chlorophyll breaks down and the accessory pigments become visible. What hormone is responsible for this?

Select one of the following:

  • A) phototropin

  • B) abscisic acid

  • C) cytokinin

  • D) ethylene

Explanation

Question 28 of 60

1

Which type of mutant would be most likely to produce a bushier phenotype?

Select one of the following:

  • A) auxin overproducer

  • B) strigolactone overproducer

  • C) cytokinin underproducer

  • D) strigolactone underproducer

Explanation

Question 29 of 60

1

Vines in tropical rain forests must grow toward large trees before being able to grow toward the sun. To reach a large tree, the most useful kind of growth movement for a tropical vine presumably would be ________.

Select one of the following:

  • A) negative thigmotropism

  • B) negative phototropism

  • C) negative gravitropism

  • D) the opposite of circadian rhythms

Explanation

Question 30 of 60

1

Upon exposure to blue light, plants not only begin to grow toward the light, but move their chloroplasts to the sunny side of each cell. The adaptive advantage of moving chloroplasts to the sunny side of each cell ________.

Select one of the following:

  • A) maximizes light absorption by the chloroplasts for photosynthesis

  • B) increases production of phototropic hormones

  • C) maximizes heat absorption by the chloroplasts for cellular respiration

  • D) increases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production during the light-independent reactions

Explanation

Question 31 of 60

1

Mammalian eyes sense light because the photoreceptor cells have molecules called opsins, which change structure when exposed to light. Which of the following plant molecules would be analogous to mammalian opsins in their light-sensing ability?

Select one of the following:

  • A) auxin and phytochrome

  • B) auxin and Pfr

  • C) Pfr and phytochrome

  • D) cytokinins and phototropins

Explanation

Question 32 of 60

1

Seed packets give a recommended planting depth for the enclosed seeds. The most likely reason some seeds are to be covered with only 1/4 inch of soil is that the ________.

Select one of the following:

  • A) seedlings do not have an etiolation response

  • B) seeds require light to germinate

  • C) seeds require a higher temperature to germinate

  • D) seeds are very sensitive to waterlogging

Explanation

Question 33 of 60

1

Suppose a plant had a photosynthetic pigment that absorbed far-red wavelengths of light. In which of the following environments could that plant thrive?

Select one of the following:

  • A) on the surface of a lake

  • B) on the forest floor, beneath a canopy of taller plants

  • C) on the ocean floor, in very deep waters

  • D) on mountaintops, closer to the Sun

Explanation

Question 34 of 60

1

The biological clock controlling circadian rhythms must ultimately ________.

Select one of the following:

  • A) depend on environmental cues

  • B) affect gene transcription

  • C) stabilize on a 24-hour cycle

  • D) speed up or slow down with increasing or decreasing temperature

Explanation

Question 35 of 60

1

Which of the colors of visible light induces curvature in coleoptile most effectively?

Select one of the following:

  • A) red

  • B) blue

  • C) violet

  • D) orange

Explanation

Question 36 of 60

1

Phytochrome plays a critical role in seed germination. Which of the colors maximizes the seed germination?

Select one of the following:

  • A) red

  • B) blue

  • C) violet

  • D) orange

Explanation

Question 37 of 60

1

Many plants flower in response to day-length cues. Which of the following statements best summarizes this phenomenon?

Select one of the following:

  • A) As a rule, short-day plants flower in the summer.

  • B) As a rule, long-day plants flower in the spring or fall.

  • C) Long-day plants flower in response to long days, not short nights.

  • D) Flowering in short-day and long-day plants is controlled by phytochrome.

Explanation

Question 38 of 60

1

Plants often use changes in day length (photoperiod) to trigger events such as dormancy and flowering. It is logical that plants have evolved this mechanism because photoperiod changes ________.

Select one of the following:

  • A) are more predictable than air temperature changes

  • B) predict moisture availability

  • C) are modified by soil temperature changes

  • D) can reset the biological clock

Explanation

Question 39 of 60

1

A gardener in Canada wants to surprise his mother on her birthday and make her favorite hibiscus bush flower in May instead of at the end of June. The bush is growing in the greenhouse. Which of the following might make the hibiscus bush flower early?

Select one of the following:

  • A) grafting leaves of a hibiscus that was exposed to long nights

  • B) grafting leaves of a hibiscus that was exposed to short nights

  • C) exposing flower buds of the hibiscus bush to long nights

  • D) exposing flower buds of the hibiscus bush to short nights

Explanation

Question 40 of 60

1

Which of the following environmental factors can be sensed by plants?

I) gravity
II) pathogens
III) wind
IV) light

Select one of the following:

  • A) only I and III

  • B) only I, II, and IV

  • C) only II, III, and IV

  • D) I, II, III, and IV

Explanation

Question 41 of 60

1

Shoots that grow vertically toward the sun can be characterized as ________.

Select one of the following:

  • A) positive for phototropism and negative for gravitropism

  • B) neutral for phototropism and positive for gravitropism

  • C) negative for phototropism and positive for gravitropism

  • D) positive for phototropism and neutral for gravitropism

Explanation

Question 42 of 60

1

The rapid leaf movements resulting from a response to touch (thigmotropism) primarily involve ________.

Select one of the following:

  • A) potassium channels

  • B) nervous tissue

  • C) aquaporins

  • D) stress proteins

Explanation

Question 43 of 60

1

In extremely cold regions, woody species may survive freezing temperatures by ________.

Select one of the following:

  • A) emptying water from the vacuoles to prevent freezing

  • B) decreasing the numbers of phospholipids in cell membranes

  • C) decreasing the fluidity of all cellular membranes

  • D) increasing cytoplasmic levels of specific solute concentrations, such as sugars

Explanation

Question 44 of 60

1

Most scientists agree that global warming is underway; thus, it is important to know how plants respond to heat stress. Which of the following would be a useful line of inquiry to try and improve plant response and survival to heat stress?

Select one of the following:

  • A) the production of heat-stable carbohydrates

  • B) increased production of heat-shock proteins

  • C) the opening of stomata to increase evaporational heat loss

  • D) protoplast fusion experiments with xerophytic plants

Explanation

Question 45 of 60

1

When an arborist prunes a limb off a valuable tree, he or she may paint the cut surface. The primary purpose of the paint is to ________.

Select one of the following:

  • A) minimize water loss by evaporation from the cut surface

  • B) improve the appearance of the cut surface

  • C) stimulate growth of the cork cambium to "heal" the wound

  • D) block entry of pathogens through the wound

Explanation

Question 46 of 60

1

You are out working in your garden, and you notice that one of your favorite flowering plants has black, dead spots on the leaves. You immediately suspect that the plant has been invaded by a pathogen and has initiated a(n) ________.

Select one of the following:

  • A) avirulence response

  • B) hypersensitive response

  • C) resistance response

  • D) virulence response

Explanation

Question 47 of 60

1

Generalized defense responses in organs distant from the infection site are called ________.

Select one of the following:

  • A) hyperactive responses

  • B) systemic acquired resistance

  • C) pleiotropy

  • D) hyperplasia

Explanation

Question 48 of 60

1

A particular species of virus carries a gene for salicylate hydroxylase, an enzyme that breaks down salicylic acid. Will this virus be more or less virulent to plants than other viruses?

Select one of the following:

  • A) more virulent

  • B) less virulent

  • C) same virulent

  • D) faster virulent

Explanation

Question 49 of 60

1

Which event during the evolution of land plants favored the synthesis of secondary compounds?

Select one of the following:

  • A) the greenhouse effect throughout the Devonian period

  • B) the reverse-greenhouse effect during the Carboniferous period

  • C) the association of the roots of land plants and fungi

  • D) the rise of herbivory

Explanation

Question 50 of 60

1

For a plant to initiate chemical responses to herbivory, before it is directly affected by herbivores, ________.

Select one of the following:

  • A) a plant must have already flowered at least once

  • B) volatile "signal" compounds must be perceived

  • C) gene-for-gene intraspecific recognition must occur

  • D) phytoalexins must be released

Explanation

Question 51 of 60

1

You may have observed plants rotate towards a light source, thereby increasing the plant's ability to intercept light energy and increase photosynthesis. You, however, are given the task of preventing grass seedlings from rotating toward the light. Using your knowledge of phototropism, which of the following experimental procedures would you use to complete your task?

Select one of the following:

  • A) Cover the growing tip of the grass seedling with black paper.

  • B) Supply the seedlings with very dim light (red light does not induce a bend).

  • C) Cover the portion of the seedling below the tip with a black shield.

  • D) Supply the seedling with nutrient-rich fertilizer solution.

Explanation

Question 52 of 60

1

A plant scientist was hired by a greenhouse operator to devise a way to force iris plants to bloom in the short days of winter. Iris normally blooms as a long-day (short-night) plant. Which of the following has the best chance of creating iris blooms in winter?

Select one of the following:

  • A) Artificially increase the period of darkness in the greenhouse.

  • B) Increase the temperature to more closely follow summer temperatures.

  • C) Alternate four hours of darkness with four hours of light repeatedly over each 24-hour period.

  • D) Interrupt the long winter nights with a brief period of light.

Explanation

Question 53 of 60

1

An individual plant was discovered that could not grow towards light. After some research, it was determined that the reason was a defective gene that did not allow for the level of cell elongation necessary for a phototropic response. This mutation greatly reduces the fitness of the individual plant. Which reason best describes the reason for the loss of fitness?

Select one of the following:

  • A) The plant was too short to attract insects for pollination.

  • B) The plant could not adjust to directional light, which reduced photosynthetic activity and therefore energy available for reproduction.

  • C) Because the plant grew much taller and straighter, resources that could be used for reproduction were used for growth.

  • D) The loss of a phototropic response meant that the plant's seeds could not germinate, so reproduction would be unsuccessful.

Explanation

Question 54 of 60

1

The hormone that helps plants respond to drought is

Select one of the following:

  • A) auxin.

  • B) abscisic acid.

  • C) cytokinin.

  • D) ethylene.

Explanation

Question 55 of 60

1

Auxin enhances cell elongation in all of these ways except

Select one of the following:

  • A) increased uptake of solutes.

  • B) gene activation.

  • C) acid-induced denaturation of cell wall proteins.

  • D) cell wall loosening.

Explanation

Question 56 of 60

1

Charles and Francis Darwin discovered that

Select one of the following:

  • A) auxin is responsible for phototropic curvature.

  • B) red light is most effective in shoot phototropism.

  • C) light destroys auxin.

  • D) light is perceived by the tips of coleoptiles.

Explanation

Question 57 of 60

1

How may a plant respond to severe heat stress?

Select one of the following:

  • A) by reorienting leaves to increase evaporative cooling

  • B) by creating air tubes for ventilation

  • C) by producing heat-shock proteins, which may protect the plant's proteins from denaturing

  • D) by increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes, reducing their fluidity

Explanation

Question 58 of 60

1

The signaling molecule for flowering might be released earlier than usual in a long-day plant exposed to flashes of

Select one of the following:

  • A) far-red light during the night.

  • B) red light during the night.

  • C) red light followed by far-red light during the night.

  • D) far-red light during the day.

Explanation

Question 59 of 60

1

If a long-day plant has a critical night length of 9 hours, which 24-hour cycle would prevent flowering?

Select one of the following:

  • A) 16 hours light/8 hours dark

  • B) 14 hours light/10 hours dark

  • C) 4 hours light/8 hours dark/4 hours light/8 hours dark

  • D) 8 hours light/8 hours dark/light flash/8 hours dark

Explanation

Question 60 of 60

1

A plant mutant that shows normal gravitropic bending but does not store starch in its plastids would require a reevaluation of the role of ________ in gravitropism.

Select one of the following:

  • A) auxin

  • B) calcium

  • C) statoliths

  • D) differential growth

Explanation

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