Neuroscience Exam #2 - Anxiety

Question 1 of 85

1

Anxiety disorders facts:

Select one or more of the following:

Highest prevalence of any mental health disorder
More prevalent in women
<45 years old
Divorced, separated
Adolescents

Explanation

Question 2 of 85

1

Age of onset for anxiety disorders is

Select one of the following:

Early adulthood
Adulthood
Elderly
Childhood or early adolescene

Explanation

Question 3 of 85

1

Which of the following is NOT a medical rule out for anxiety

Select one of the following:

Endocrine disorders
Neoplastic disorders
Hepatic disorders
Lyme disease
Hypersensitivity reactions
Autoimmune disorders
Pulmonary disorders
Cardiovascular disorders
Neurological disorders

Explanation

Question 4 of 85

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

DSM Anxiety Disorders include ( anxiety, bipolar ) disorders, ( obsessivecompulsive, mood ) disorders and ( trauma or stressor related, personality disorders ) disorders

Explanation

Question 5 of 85

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Eustress vs. Distress: remember stress isn't always negative
( Eustress:, Distress: ) Motivating, short-term, exciting
( Eustress:, Distress: ) Short- or long-term, perceived as beyond coping ability, unpleasant

Explanation

Question 6 of 85

1

“Anxiety and fear are cousins but not twins. ❌ sees a threat. ❌ imagines one.” – Max Lucado

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Fear

Anxiety

Explanation

Question 7 of 85

1

Neuroanatomy of anxiety. Which parts of the brain are involved.
❌ ❌ ❌ ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Prefrontal cortex

ventral tegmental area

orbitofrontal cortex

mammillary bodies

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

limbic system

Explanation

Question 8 of 85

1

In neuroanatomy of anxiety, what is the function of the prefrontal cortex

Select one or more of the following:

Executive functioning, planning, decision making
Predicting consequences
Understanding social behavior
Control impuses and regulates mood

Explanation

Question 9 of 85

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

In the neuroanatomy of anxiety, the cortex controls impulses, regulates mood, and drives moral judgment

Explanation

Question 10 of 85

1

Which is not a feature of the limbic system

Select one of the following:

Structures between the cerebral hemisphere and the brainstem
Not a discrete “system” but rather a collection of anatomically-related structures with varying functions
Center for emotional responsiveness, motivation, memory, olfaction, safety
Phylogenetically ancient, paleomammalian brain
Controls moral judgement and controls impulses

Explanation

Question 11 of 85

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

cortex is in charge of reward processing – think and visceral response to emotions

Explanation

Question 12 of 85

1

❌ -Spatial navigation. Memory formation/storage
❌ – Processes emotional stimuli. Receives information about physical needs. Initiates behavioral response
❌ – Receives unprocessed sensory input. Connects endocrine system to nervous system via pituitary gland
❌ – sensory processing. Hub of information transfer. Directs sensory input for processing

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Hypothalamus

Thalamus

Explanation

Question 13 of 85

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The :
Shifts short-term memory to long-term memory
Encodes our memory with emotions by interacting with amygdala
Interacts with amygdala to encode emotional memories
Active in imaging studies during fearful situations

Explanation

Question 14 of 85

1

Neuroanatomy of the hippocampus in anxiety

Select one or more of the following:

Seahorse-shaped structure in medial temporal lobe
Receives input from neurotransmitter systems and sends output to the rest of the brain
Memory formation and storage
Related to stress sensitivity and resiliency
Structures between the cerebral hemisphere and the brainstem

Explanation

Question 15 of 85

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

The hippocampus is related to stress sensitivity and resiliency. A ( large, small ) hippocampus is protective agains anxiety disorders. A ( large, small ) hippcampus has increased risk of PTSD in the context of trauma

Explanation

Question 16 of 85

1

The amygdala has three groups, a medial group, a basal-lateral group, and a central group. Which group has connections with the hypothalamus and the brain stem, cues the endocrine system response, and influences expression of emotion, and triggers the autonomic nervous system?

Select one of the following:

Medial
Basal-lateral
Central group

Explanation

Question 17 of 85

1

Neuroendocrine pathways for the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis. Let's review as this is probably an exam question:
Activated by ❌
Hypothalamus releases ❌
CRF binds to receptors on ❌
❌ is released
ACTH binds to receptors on ❌
❌ are released!

Drag and drop to complete the text.

corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

anterior pituitary gland

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

adrenal cortex

Cortisol and adrenaline

stress

Explanation

Question 18 of 85

1

Function of the HPA axis is SAFETY & PROTECTION

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 19 of 85

1

Cortisol

Select one or more of the following:

Released for several hours after exposure to stressor
Increases glucose in the bloodstream and enhances the brain’s use of glucose
Suppresses nonessential functions such as digestion, reproduction, and growth processes
At sufficient concentrations, cortisol exerts negative feedback to hypothalamus and homeostasis returns
Lasts for only minutes after exposure to stressor
Decreases glucose in the bloodstream

Explanation

Question 20 of 85

1

Adrenaline Increases ❌ rate, ❌ pressure, respiratory ❌ and ❌ metabolism

Drag and drop to complete the text.

heart

blood

rate,

carbohydrate

Explanation

Question 21 of 85

1

Chronic/prolonged stress = repeated/sustained HPA axis activation

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 22 of 85

1

❌: γ-amino-butyric-acid (GABA)
❌ Glutamate
❌
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Calming NT

Excitatory NT:

Monoaminergic neurotransmitters

Explanation

Question 23 of 85

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Excessive activity causes anxiety, agitation, and seizures

Explanation

Question 24 of 85

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Benzodiazepines increase activity at amygdala and PFC

Explanation

Question 25 of 85

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

( GABA, Glutamate ) Principal inhibitory neurotransmitter
( GABA, Glutamate ) Principal excitatory neurotransmitter
( GABA, Glutamate ) Decreases neurons’ electrical excitability
( Glutamate, GABA ) Increases neurons’ electrical excitability
( Glutamate, GABA ) Necessary for attention/coordination
( GABA, Glutamate ) Calm, relaxation, sleep

Explanation

Question 26 of 85

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

Enhancing 5-HT input to the amygdala can ( reduce, increase ) anxiety/fear

Explanation

Question 27 of 85

1

Serotonin

Select one or more of the following:

Primarily found in GI tract, blood platelets, and CNS
Involved in regulation of mood, appetite, sleep, memory, learning
Inhibitory effect on some amygdalar outputs
Excitatory effect on some aygdalar outputs
Primarily found in the brain

Explanation

Question 28 of 85

1

Norepinephrine

Select one or more of the following:

Mobilizes the brain and body for action
Lowest during sleep, rises during wakefulness
NE output from locus coeruleus enhances memory, attention, arousal
Peaks during fight-or-flight: Increases heart rate/BP, release of glucose from energy stores, inhibits GI motility
NE output from ventral tegmental area enhances memory, attention, arousal

Explanation

Question 29 of 85

1

Dopamine

Select one or more of the following:

Significant in reward-motivated behavior
Pleasurable experiences cause dopamine release: sex, food/appetite, addictive substances
Involved in some motor control, GI motility, insulin production, and hormone regulation

Explanation

Question 30 of 85

1

Catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT) met genetic allele:

Select one or more of the following:

Enzyme which degrades dopamine and norepinephrine
COMT genotypes implicated in expression of anxiety and depression
Enzyme degraded serotonin and dompamine

Explanation

Question 31 of 85

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Met genotype: ( Lower, Higher ) COMT activity = ( higher, lower ) NT levels = ( excessive, decreased ) NT release under stress = WORRIER
Val genotype: ( Higher, Lower ) COMT activity = ( lower, higher ) NT levels = ( decreased, excessive ) NT release under stress = WARRIOR

Explanation

Question 32 of 85

1

Which gene regulates the HPA axis and monoaminergic signaling

Select one of the following:

5-HTTLPR: Serotonin transporter
Catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductas

Explanation

Question 33 of 85

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

The ( short (S), long (L) ) allele of 5-HTTLPR: Serotonin transporter puts a patient as risk for anxiety

Explanation

Question 34 of 85

1

What environmental factors play a part in increasing anxiety?

Select one or more of the following:

Physical/sexual trauma
Substance abuse
Chronic chaos/neglect
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)
VUSN PMHNP program
News that the world is facing a tequila shortage

Explanation

Question 35 of 85

1

Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorders can be caused by the following drugs except

Select one of the following:

Sympathomimetics (pseudophedrine)
Stimulants (Methylphenidate, Amphetamines)
Benzodiazepines
System and anabolic steroids
Drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamaines, hallucinogens, substance withdrawal)
Atypical antipsychotics

Explanation

Question 36 of 85

1

Panic disorder usually starts before the age of 24 and usually has lots of comorbidities as patients try to self-medicate

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 37 of 85

1

DSM-5 Criteria for Panic Disorder include recurrent UNEXPECTED panic attacks, followed by 1 month of:

Select one or more of the following:

Persistent concern
Worry about implications or consequences of panic attacks
Maladaptive changes in behavior
Walks on the beach doing yoga

Explanation

Question 38 of 85

1

Agoraphobia is fear of situations with

Select one of the following:

Large wide open spaces
Too many people or large crowds
Escape is difficult or embarrassing

Explanation

Question 39 of 85

1

Neuroanatomy of panic disorder includes:
❌ glucose uptake in amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus
❌ frontal lobe activity

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Elevated

Decreased

Explanation

Question 40 of 85

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Neurotransmitter pathways in panic disorder:
( Decreased, Increased ) GABA concentrations, elevated glutamatergic signaling
( Decreased, Increased ) serotonin receptor binding, increased norepinephrine concentration

Explanation

Question 41 of 85

1

Panic disorder is the most heritable of all anxiety disorders with first-degree relatives of patient with panic DO means that patient has 7X increased risk

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 42 of 85

1

Neuroendocrine pathways in panic disorder include:
(on exam study guide)

Select one or more of the following:

Elevated baseline cortisol = anticipatory anxiety
Hypersensitive to situations that trigger HPA axis activation
Decreased baseline cortisol = anticipatory anxiety
Hyposensitive to situations that trigger HPA axis activation

Explanation

Question 43 of 85

1

Specific phobia (like clowns) is the most common anxiety disorder, women twice as likely to suffer as men, and typical age of onset is childhood to adolescence

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 44 of 85

1

Specific phobia is a persistent fear of clearly discernible objects or situations that provoke immediate anxiety and cause social or occupational impairement

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 45 of 85

1

Specific Phobia
Neuroanatomy: activation of ❌, decreased ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

amygdala

prefrontal cortex response

Explanation

Question 46 of 85

1

Social anxiety disorder is twice as likely in women as men, onset is childhood or adolescence and is often seen with MDD or substance abuse disorders

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 47 of 85

1

DSM 5 criteria for social anxiety disorder is a persistent fear of situations in which exposure to unfamiliar people o scrutiny is possible. Fear that actions will expose anxiety or possible humiliation or embarrassment.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 48 of 85

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Neuroanatomy of Social Anxiety Disorder:
( Hyperactive, Hypoactive ) prefrontal cortex - misinterpreting social cues
( Hyperreactive, Hypoactive ) amygdala - receives sensory information before analysis and signals the sympathetic nervous system

Explanation

Question 49 of 85

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Genetics of social anxiety disorder involve Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) which governs reuptake of serotonin into the neuron. The allele is involved in increased risk of anxiety and depression in context of stressful environment, Increased startle response and a stronger amygdala activation in response to angry faces

Explanation

Question 50 of 85

1

Generalized anxiety disorder has the youngest age of onset for an anxiety disorder

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 51 of 85

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

Excessive worries/anxiety for at least ( 6 months, 3 months )s. Worry about a number of events, situations, activities. Difficulty controlling the worry.

Three or more of the following:
Restless/on edge
Easily fatigued
Difficulty concentrating
Irritability
Muscle tension
Sleep disturbance

Explanation

Question 52 of 85

1

Neuroendocrine pathways of generalized anxiety disorder include all the following EXCEPT:

Select one of the following:

Perception of sustained threat
Chronic activation of HPA axis
Acute activation of HPA axis
More physiologically dysregulated state at baseline
Exaggerated physiological reactivity to fearful stimuli

Explanation

Question 53 of 85

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

5-HTTLPR -allele carriers are highly sensitive to environmental threats. Hypervigilance

Explanation

Question 54 of 85

1

The following are all forms of obsessive-compulsive disorders:

Select one or more of the following:

Body dysmorphic disorder - fixated on a part of their body they hate
Trichotillomania – hair pulling compulsion and anxiety. A lot with trauma
Hoarding Disorder – afraid that they might need something
Cookiewinemania - an unnatural obsession with wanting cookies and wine

Explanation

Question 55 of 85

1

Tourette's Syndrome is a frequent comorbidity of obsessive compulsive disorder

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 56 of 85

1

The following are all true about OCD DSM-5 criteria

Select one or more of the following:

Recurrent obsessive thoughts - Persistent ideas, thoughts, images, impulses that are perceived as intrusive and distressing
Compulsive behaviors - Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are meant to reduce stress NOT bring pleasure
Time-consuming, cause impairment

Explanation

Question 57 of 85

1

OCD is real anatomical issue

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 58 of 85

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

In obsessive compulsive disorder there is cortex overactivity but smaller volume which leads to context-related processing and response inhibition

Explanation

Question 59 of 85

1

In obsessive compulsive disorder there is abnormal activity in ❌ feedback loop. These circuits use “direct” (excitatory) or “indirect” (inhibitory) routes from cortex through ❌ to ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC)

basal ganglia

thalamus.

Explanation

Question 60 of 85

1

CSTC or "worry" loop is involved in obsessive compulsive disorder. It includes the ❌ which nuclei grouped together based on interconnected roles in movement and cognition. It includes Includes ❌, putamen, caudate nucleus. Specifically the striatum Includes ❌ and caudate nucleus.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

basal ganglia

globus pallidus

putamen

Explanation

Question 61 of 85

1

In obsessive compulsive disorder, the CSTC loop receives input to ❌ from ❌ and ❌

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basal ganglia

cortex

thalamus

Explanation

Question 62 of 85

1

In obsessive compulsive disorder, the CSTC or "worry" loop has two pathways. The "direct" basal ganglia and the "indirect' basal ganglia pathway that are antagonistic to each other

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 63 of 85

1

“Direct” basal ganglia pathway:
Direct projections from ❌ to ❌
Increases ❌ thalamic input to the cortex
Turns ❌ motor activity

Drag and drop to complete the text.

striatum

globus pallidus

excitatory

inhibitory

up

down

Explanation

Question 64 of 85

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

The ( "direct", "indirect" ) basal ganglia pathway is involved in the activation of tics, compulsions, and obsessions. It is ( overactive, underactive ) in OCD.

Explanation

Question 65 of 85

1

“Indirect” basal ganglia pathway has ❌ projections from ❌ to ❌
❌ effect on ❌ and frontal cortex

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Indirect

striatum

globus pallidus

Inhibitory

excitatory

thalamus

hippocampus

Explanation

Question 66 of 85

1

"Direct" basal ganglia pathway is the "gas" and the "indirect" basal ganglia is the brake when it comes to motor activity

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 67 of 85

1

OCD occurs when delicate balance between inhibition and excitation of basal ganglia pathway is disrupted

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 68 of 85

1

Neuroanatomy of OCD involves Increased activity in CSTC circuit running from ❌ to ❌ to ❌ to ❌ and back to ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

frontal cortex

striatum

globus pallidus

thalamus

cortex

Explanation

Question 69 of 85

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

In OCD, there is increased Increased activity in prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and

Explanation

Question 70 of 85

1

What is the treatment for OCD

Select one or more of the following:

Surgical intervention where the CSTC loop is cut off via a cingulotomy. This disrupts the transmission from the frontal cortex
Very aggressive and high doses of SSRI
Talking common sense into the patient and telling the patient that the fears aren't real

Explanation

Question 71 of 85

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Serotonin, dopamine and glutamate are involved in OCD. There are ( reduced, increased ) serotonin transporters in midbrain. There is ( increased, decreased ) dopamine. There is ( increased, decreased ) glutamate.

Explanation

Question 72 of 85

1

Considering what we know about 5HT, DA, and Glu in OCD, which drugs are most effective

Select one or more of the following:

5HT drugs
DA antagonists
Antipsychotics
Stimulants

Explanation

Question 73 of 85

1

A patient with OCD will be in a hyperglutamatergic state in prefrontal regions and have
elevated glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 74 of 85

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

An ( earlier, later ) onset of OCD is indicative of a higher risk of heritability

Explanation

Question 75 of 85

1

Of the following comorbidities with seen OCD, which has the highest incidence of PTSD

Select one of the following:

TBI
Substance abuse disorders
Depression and anxiety disorders

Explanation

Question 76 of 85

1

DSM 5 criteria for PTSD involve exposure to ❌, ❌ ❌, ❌, and ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

trauma

re-experiencing,

avoidance

negative alterations in mood/cognition

increased arousal.

Explanation

Question 77 of 85

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

The neuroanatomy of the PTSD involves:
( Reduced, Increased ) volume of hippocampus and frontal cortex
Amygdala ( hyperresponsiveness, hyporesponsiveness )
( Decreased, Increasedp ) activity in PFC

Explanation

Question 78 of 85

1

The following NT are involved in PTSD EXCEPT:

Select one of the following:

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Glutamate

Explanation

Question 79 of 85

1

Which drug exhibits inhibitory effects on glutamate transmission and thus is good for PTSD

Select one of the following:

Topiramate
Aripiprazole
Venlafaxine

Explanation

Question 80 of 85

1

Glutamate

Select one or more of the following:

Role in hippocampal-related learning and amygdala- related emotional processing
Processing distortion related to inappropriate glutamate signaling
Elevated glucose uptake in amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus

Explanation

Question 81 of 85

1

What medication should you not give to PTSD because of the unremitting elevation in NE in the CSF of patients with PTSD?

Select one of the following:

Bupropion
Citalopram
Venlafaxine
Fluoxetine

Explanation

Question 82 of 85

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

In PTSD, patients have a ( decreased, increased ) cortisol concentrations and a/n ( flattened, elevated ) cortisol slope

Explanation

Question 83 of 85

1

Treatment for anxiety disorders include:

Select one or more of the following:

SSRI
NDRI
BZ
Anticonvulsants
Antipsychotics
CBT
Mindfulness based stress reduction
EMDR

Explanation

Question 84 of 85

1

MOA of BZ in anxiety involves BZ ❌ the efficiency of GABA to ❌ the excitability of neurons. BZ bind to the y sub-unit of the ❌ receptor. Binding causes a structural modification of the receptor that results in an increasein GABA-A activity. The result is an ❌ in the frequency of the ❌ channel (making the cell more negative) and ❌ the action potential.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

increasing

decrease

GABA-A

increase

Cl-

inhibiting

Explanation

Question 85 of 85

1

Chronic/prolonged stress = repeated/sustained HPA axis activation which causes:
❌ Chronic muscle tension, tension headaches, migraines
❌ Exacerbation of existing conditions (asthma, emphysema, etc.)
❌ Increased risk of heart attack, hypertension, stroke
❌ Increased risk of diabetes in vulnerable populations
❌ Acid reflux, ulcers, diarrhea, constipation, nausea/vomiting
Reproductive:
❌ Impaired testosterone production and sperm maturation, impotence
❌ Irregular menstrual cycles, impaired sexual desire

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Musculoskeletal:

Respiratory:

Cardiovascular:

Endocrine:

Gastrointestinal:

Male:

Female:

	Created by Melanie Grynsztejn over 6 years ago

Quiz on Neuroscience Exam #2 - Anxiety, created by Melanie Grynsztejn on 27/03/2018.

Neuroscience Exam #2 - Anxiety

Neuroscience Exam #2 - Anxiety

Question 1 of 85

Anxiety disorders facts:

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 2 of 85

Age of onset for anxiety disorders is

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 3 of 85

Which of the following is NOT a medical rule out for anxiety

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 4 of 85

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

DSM Anxiety Disorders include anxiety bipolar( anxiety, bipolar ) disorders, obsessivecompulsive mood( obsessivecompulsive, mood ) disorders and trauma or stressor related personality disorders( trauma or stressor related, personality disorders ) disorders

Explanation

Question 5 of 85

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Eustress vs. Distress: remember stress isn't always negative Eustress: Distress:( Eustress:, Distress: ) Motivating, short-term, exciting Eustress: Distress:( Eustress:, Distress: ) Short- or long-term, perceived as beyond coping ability, unpleasant

Explanation

Question 6 of 85

“Anxiety and fear are cousins but not twins. ❌ sees a threat. ❌ imagines one.” – Max Lucado

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 7 of 85

Neuroanatomy of anxiety. Which parts of the brain are involved. ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 8 of 85

In neuroanatomy of anxiety, what is the function of the prefrontal cortex

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 9 of 85

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

In the neuroanatomy of anxiety, the cortex controls impulses, regulates mood, and drives moral judgment

Explanation

Question 10 of 85

Which is not a feature of the limbic system

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 11 of 85

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

cortex is in charge of reward processing – think and visceral response to emotions

Explanation

Question 12 of 85

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 13 of 85

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The : Shifts short-term memory to long-term memory Encodes our memory with emotions by interacting with amygdala Interacts with amygdala to encode emotional memories Active in imaging studies during fearful situations

Explanation

Question 14 of 85

Neuroanatomy of the hippocampus in anxiety

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 15 of 85

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

The hippocampus is related to stress sensitivity and resiliency. A large small( large, small ) hippocampus is protective agains anxiety disorders. A large small( large, small ) hippcampus has increased risk of PTSD in the context of trauma

Explanation

Question 16 of 85

The amygdala has three groups, a medial group, a basal-lateral group, and a central group. Which group has connections with the hypothalamus and the brain stem, cues the endocrine system response, and influences expression of emotion, and triggers the autonomic nervous system?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 17 of 85

Neuroendocrine pathways for the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis. Let's review as this is probably an exam question: Activated by ❌ Hypothalamus releases ❌ CRF binds to receptors on ❌ ❌ is released ACTH binds to receptors on ❌ ❌ are released!

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 18 of 85

Function of the HPA axis is SAFETY & PROTECTION

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 19 of 85

Cortisol

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 20 of 85

Adrenaline Increases ❌ rate, ❌ pressure, respiratory ❌ and ❌ metabolism

DSM Anxiety Disorders include ( anxiety, bipolar ) disorders, ( obsessivecompulsive, mood ) disorders and ( trauma or stressor related, personality disorders ) disorders

Eustress vs. Distress: remember stress isn't always negative
( Eustress:, Distress: ) Motivating, short-term, exciting
( Eustress:, Distress: ) Short- or long-term, perceived as beyond coping ability, unpleasant

Neuroanatomy of anxiety. Which parts of the brain are involved.
❌ ❌ ❌ ❌

The :
Shifts short-term memory to long-term memory
Encodes our memory with emotions by interacting with amygdala
Interacts with amygdala to encode emotional memories
Active in imaging studies during fearful situations

The hippocampus is related to stress sensitivity and resiliency. A ( large, small ) hippocampus is protective agains anxiety disorders. A ( large, small ) hippcampus has increased risk of PTSD in the context of trauma

Neuroendocrine pathways for the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis. Let's review as this is probably an exam question:
Activated by ❌
Hypothalamus releases ❌
CRF binds to receptors on ❌
❌ is released
ACTH binds to receptors on ❌
❌ are released!

❌: γ-amino-butyric-acid (GABA)
❌ Glutamate
❌
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

Enhancing 5-HT input to the amygdala can ( reduce, increase ) anxiety/fear

The ( short (S), long (L) ) allele of 5-HTTLPR: Serotonin transporter puts a patient as risk for anxiety