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yousaf alabrash
Mind Map by , created more than 1 year ago

Mind Map on Urinary Bladder Carcinoma, created by yousaf alabrash on 04/04/2018.

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yousaf alabrash
Created by yousaf alabrash almost 7 years ago

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Urinary Bladder Carcinomasigns and symptomshematuriaurgencyfrequencyweight lossand fatigueperipheralswellingphysiology of hematuriainitialtotalendUrethrabladder or upper UTBladder neck orprostate urethracauses: differential diagnosispainwithout paineitherglomerulonephritisUTIstonesschistosomiasisUTIAPCKDGradingcausesschistosomarisk factorsprognosis (5 year)diagnosislab investigationsimaginghistopathologygradingstagingmanagementPhysiology of micturationepidemiologyMC malignancy in UTI9th MC malignancytypesurothelialnon-urothelialin america and europeMC risk factor: smokingin middle eastMC risk fsctor: schistosoma hemabotiumA cestode parasitic infectionincreases carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes+++N-nitrosaminesalkylating DNA damagemetaplasia and carcinomaoccupationalanilinechronic cystitisPast exposure toradiationtype 2 diabetestreatmentTaxi driversHPVsmokingstage 098%stage 188%stage 263%stage 346%stage 415%overall survival5 year: 77%10 year: 70%15 year: 65%stage 0a(papillary)in situmitomyocinBCGstage 1low gradeBCGhigh graderadicalcystectomystage 2 & 3radical cystectomystage 4chemotherapyduring bladder fillingsympathetic (L1-L3) dominateRelax detrusormusclestimulate theinternal sphincterduring bladder emptyingparasympthatic (S2-S4) dominatecontractdetrusor muscleinhibit theinternal sphincterthere must be somatic relaxation of externalsphincter in order of voiding to happenby pudendal nerve (S3-S4)ALWAYSfollow upwithtransurethralremoval ofbladdertumor(TURBT)cytologyDetect highly malignantcells (like CIS)Papillary varientschistoma hematobium eggesstage 0cisPapillary 0aflat on themucosallinningPapillary onmucosallinningstage 1invades the submucosastage 2invade the muscle layerstage 3invades the surrounding fatstage 4invade the surrounding tissueshigh gradewell differentiatedlow gradepoorly differnentiatedPSAtest for prostatic cancer andBPHcan cause UTIsymptomsnormal level: up to 4ng/mlof bloodother investigations were disscussed indetails in previous PBL'sUSCytoscopyDouble click this nodeto edit the textClick and drag this buttonto create a new node