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Control of Mental Processes

Question 1 of 56

1

According to Norman and Shallice Schema Control Units,

Select one of the following:

  • Are linked by excitatory connections

  • Represent competing responses

  • Are used for executive functions

  • Represent units in the primary visual cortex

Explanation

Question 2 of 56

1

The "Cartesian Theatre" was a term coined by Daniel Dennet to criticise the explanation of,

Select one of the following:

  • Self-motivation in goal directed behaviour

  • Consciousness in psychology of vision

  • Free-will in religion

  • Social responsibility in Social Psychology

Explanation

Question 3 of 56

1

In Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) the homunculus can be seen as directly responsible for,

Select one of the following:

  • Attention

  • Binding

  • Task Shifting

  • Forgetting

Explanation

Question 4 of 56

1

According to libertarian accounts, the fact that a person often makes choices proves,

Select one of the following:

  • nothing about whether a person has free-will

  • the physical motivations do not control the will

  • that the person has no physical motivations

  • that the person has free-will

Explanation

Question 5 of 56

1

A person who has little planning ability is likely to,

Select one of the following:

  • start late

  • finish late

  • get up late

  • go to bed late

Explanation

Question 6 of 56

1

In Shiffrin & Schneider (1977)

Select one of the following:

  • rehearsal is used for consolidation of long-term memory

  • controlled processes are effortful

  • sensory memory precedes short-term memory

  • controlled processes follow consistent practice

Explanation

Question 7 of 56

1

An automatic process is generally understood to be,

Select one of the following:

  • conscious

  • inconsistent

  • rapid

  • reflexive

Explanation

Question 8 of 56

1

According to neurocognitive models depicting the dorsal and the ventral streams, the latter

Select one of the following:

  • underlies automatic visuomotor performance

  • underlies controlled visuomotor performance

  • has further projections onto the prefrontal cortex

  • has further projections onto the limbic system

Explanation

Question 9 of 56

1

In visual search tasks, a steep slope relating Reaction Times and distractor set size would be expected when searching for

Select one of the following:

  • an E among Fs

  • a blue letter among red ones

  • an O among Xs

  • A small letter among big ones

Explanation

Question 10 of 56

1

Gratton, Coles, Sirevaag, Erikson & Donchin (1988), demonstrated that irrelevant and never executed responses can activate up the,

Select one of the following:

  • primary visual area

  • temporal cortex

  • primary motor cortex

  • prefrontal cortex

Explanation

Question 11 of 56

1

Contention Scheduling is, for Norman and Shallice (1986)

Select one of the following:

  • a mechanism to resolve competition

  • a mechanism to exert goal-directed control

  • a property of the perceptual system

  • a property of the supervisory attentional system

Explanation

Question 12 of 56

1

Automatic Processes are important to,

Select one of the following:

  • prevent errors

  • plan actions

  • improve speed

  • deal with difficulties

Explanation

Question 13 of 56

1

A person who has difficulties getting washed and dressed in the morning, despite being able to do so when prompted, is likely to present a problem with

Select one of the following:

  • set shifting

  • inhibition

  • action initiation

  • self-evaluation

Explanation

Question 14 of 56

1

Descartes agreed with Plato on the understanding that the mind (or soul),

Select one of the following:

  • lives in the world of ideas

  • influenced by the body

  • is not limited by the body

  • was located in the Pineal Gland

Explanation

Question 15 of 56

1

A person spends hours playing games on the mobile phone. Which of the executive functions is the least likely to be affected?

Select one of the following:

  • inhibition

  • set-shifting

  • action initiation

  • self-evaluation

Explanation

Question 16 of 56

1

Which syndrome is unlikely to display anosognosia?

Select one of the following:

  • schizophrenia

  • alzheimer

  • OCD

  • Huntington

Explanation

Question 17 of 56

1

What would be a good test of Action Initiation

Select one of the following:

  • Verbal Fluency

  • Tower of London

  • Task Switching

  • Go, No-Go

Explanation

Question 18 of 56

1

Action Initiation is mostly mediated by,

Select one of the following:

  • Orbitofrontal Cortex

  • Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

  • Basal Ganglia

  • Motor Cortex

Explanation

Question 19 of 56

1

Dopamine is mainly involved in,

Select one of the following:

  • mood

  • reward

  • memory

  • perception

Explanation

Question 20 of 56

1

Bradyphrenia is the term referring to a common condition following neurological damage where the patient demonstrates

Select one of the following:

  • inability to stop an action once initiated

  • inability to stop tics or repetitive movements

  • slow reactions to stimuli

  • slow generation of thoughts

Explanation

Question 21 of 56

1

A person who tends to tell the end of the joke before the introduction is likely to have problems with

Select one of the following:

  • action initiation

  • goal activation

  • inhibition

  • set-shifting

Explanation

Question 22 of 56

1

For Besner, Stolz, and Boutilier (1997), the Stroop effect was eliminated by,

Select one of the following:

  • Increasing the amount of practice

  • reducing the size of the target letter

  • colouring only one letter in the word

  • chaining the position of the letters

Explanation

Question 23 of 56

1

Haynes, Sakai, Rees, Gilbert, Frith, & Passingham (2007) found specific activation of different task goals before they were even executed in which area of the prefrontal cortex?

Select one of the following:

  • Orbitofrontal

  • Inferiofrontal

  • Medial

  • Lateral

Explanation

Question 24 of 56

1

How would you measure of a patient has problems with goal activation

Select one of the following:

  • Verbal fluency

  • Tower of London

  • Wisconsin Card Sort Test

  • Go, No-Go

Explanation

Question 25 of 56

1

Hampshire, MacDonald & Owen (2013) found that retired American Football players showed under-activiaion in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex following which test?

Select one of the following:

  • Verbal Fluency

  • Tower of London

  • Wisconsin Card Sort Test

  • Go, No-Go

Explanation

Question 26 of 56

1

Damage to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is likely to induce,

Select one of the following:

  • echolia

  • hyperflexia

  • low self-care

  • anxiety

Explanation

Question 27 of 56

1

In the stop-signal paradigm, when does the stop signal normally appear?

Select one of the following:

  • before the target

  • after the target

  • at the same time as the target

  • in these tasks there is no target

Explanation

Question 28 of 56

1

A person with goal activation problems will also demonstrate difficulties with,

Select one of the following:

  • inhibition

  • self-regulation

  • impulse control

  • action initiation

Explanation

Question 29 of 56

1

Aharoni et al (2013) could predict the chance of future rearrests for non-violent crimes by studying the activity of a particular brain area in the go no-go task. Which area are we referring to?

Select one of the following:

  • Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

  • Orbitofrontal Cortex

  • Medial Prefrontal Cortex

  • Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Explanation

Question 30 of 56

1

In Monchi et al's (2001) study, the authors tried to dissociate a number of processes using fMRI and the WCST. Which condition was used to measure set shifting?

Select one of the following:

  • Negative Feedback

  • Matching after negative feedback

  • Positive Feedback

  • Matching after positive feedback

Explanation

Question 31 of 56

1

In the alternating runs paradigm (Rogers & Monsell, 1995), the estimation of switch costs (switch minus repeat) does not measure differences in,

Select one of the following:

  • task set configuration

  • goal activation

  • rule maintenance

  • rule activation

Explanation

Question 32 of 56

1

In the Go-No Go task, the strongest response inhibition should be seen when participants successfully withhold responses in which condition?

Select one of the following:

  • 20% Go, 80% No-Go

  • 50% Go, 50% No-Go

  • 80% Go, 20% No-Go

  • 20% Go, 20% No-Go

Explanation

Question 33 of 56

1

The error related negativity component (ERN/Me) peaks approximately at 100ms,

Select one of the following:

  • after incorrect response activation

  • after target onset

  • before incorrect response activation

  • before the target onset

Explanation

Question 34 of 56

1

To which ability to we refer when evaluating and self-monitoring?

Select one of the following:

  • inhibit responses

  • inhibit impulses

  • detect when an error has been made

  • detect when the context is inappropriate

Explanation

Question 35 of 56

1

Awareness of an error can be measured by which ERP component?

Select one of the following:

  • P300

  • Ne

  • Pe

  • P200

Explanation

Question 36 of 56

1

During perseverations, participants are often,

Select one of the following:

  • not aware of the change in the rule

  • aware of the new rule that needs to be applied, but not able to switch

  • aware that they made a mistake, but unable to retrieve the new rule

  • not aware of the alternative rules

Explanation

Question 37 of 56

1

Monchi et al (2001) studied some process dissociations within the Winconsisn Card Sort Test using fMRI. Where did they find activation related to the processing of the cue to switch?

Select one of the following:

  • Left Posterior Parietal Cortex

  • Motor Cortex

  • Left Inferotemporal Cortex

  • Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Explanation

Question 38 of 56

1

Mixing Costs do not measure

Select one of the following:

  • vigilance

  • rule activation

  • working memory

  • planning

Explanation

Question 39 of 56

1

Impulses and Reflexes are similar in many of the aspects listed below. Choose the option that does not apply

Select one of the following:

  • They are automatic

  • They can be unconscious

  • They are driven by emotions

  • They are processed fast

Explanation

Question 40 of 56

1

For compatibilists accounts the relationship between free-will and determinism is,

Select one of the following:

  • free-will is possible and physical determinism is true

  • free-will is possible and physical determinism is false

  • free-will is impossible and physical determinism is true

  • free-will is impossible and physical determinism is false

Explanation

Question 41 of 56

1

Impulsive behaviours are characterised by prioritising

Select one of the following:

  • long-term goals over short-term goals

  • short-term goals over long-term goals

  • relieve over regret

  • reward over punishment

Explanation

Question 42 of 56

1

ADHD does not normally co-exist in the same patient with which of the following syndromes

Select one of the following:

  • Bipolar Disorder

  • Depression

  • Antisocial Behaviour

  • Psychotic Behaviour

Explanation

Question 43 of 56

1

Increased levels of addiction gradually induce

Select one of the following:

  • an overactive ventrolateral cortex

  • an under-active orbitofrontal cortex

  • increased in dopamine

  • increases in GABA

Explanation

Question 44 of 56

1

Most of the actions driven by emotions are executed by a network of brain areas commonly knows at the "zombie brain". Which of the following brain areas is not part of it?

Select one of the following:

  • Thalamus

  • Amygdala

  • Hippocampus

  • Hypothalamus

Explanation

Question 45 of 56

1

Utilisation behaviours related to which other syndrome?

Select one of the following:

  • Hyperkinesia

  • Tourette

  • Echolia

  • ADHD

Explanation

Question 46 of 56

1

Non-adaptive utilisation behaviour occurs when the response is triggered by,

Select one of the following:

  • objects and no context

  • objects and context

  • context, but no objects

  • neither objects nor contexts; but memory contents

Explanation

Question 47 of 56

1

In which kind of lesion is a patient most prone to develop anosognosia

Select one of the following:

  • left hemisphere

  • right hemisphere

  • subcortical nuclei

  • amygdala

Explanation

Question 48 of 56

1

The error related positivity (Pe) is mostly captured in which set of electrodes

Select one of the following:

  • Frontopolar

  • Centroparietal

  • Frontocentral

  • Parietal

Explanation

Question 49 of 56

1

Which of the following test is the most appropriate to evaluate response inhibition (the non-emotional type)?

Select one of the following:

  • Wisconsin Card Sorting test

  • Go No-Go task

  • Task Switching

  • Iowa Gambling Task

Explanation

Question 50 of 56

1

From the following list, which of these executive functions is least likely to be modulated by Broca?

Select one of the following:

  • Response inhibition

  • Set Shifting

  • Action initiation

  • Self-Monitoring

Explanation

Question 51 of 56

1

During Monchi et al's (2001) study. Where did they find activation related to the positive feedback (cue to repeat)?

Select one of the following:

  • right mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

  • left posterior prefrontal cortex

  • lateral premotor cortex

  • ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex

Explanation

Question 52 of 56

1

During Monchi et al's (2001) study. Where did they find activation related to the matching after the negative feedback (switch)?

Select one of the following:

  • left posterior prefrontal cortex

  • right mid-dorsolateral PFC

  • Lateral premotor cortex

  • ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Explanation

Question 53 of 56

1

During Monchi et al's (2001) study. Where did they find activation related to the matching after positive feedback (repeat)?

Select one of the following:

  • lateral premotor cortex

  • right mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

  • left posterior prefrontal cortex

  • ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Explanation

Question 54 of 56

1

In the Go-No Go paradigm, when does the stop signal normally appear?

Select one of the following:

  • before the target

  • after the target

  • at the same time as the target

  • in these tasks there is no target

Explanation

Question 55 of 56

1

Adaptive utilisation behaviour occurs when the response is triggered by,

Select one of the following:

  • objects and no context

  • object and context

  • context, but no objects

  • neither objects not contexts, but memory contents

Explanation

Question 56 of 56

1

The error related negativity (Ne) is mostly captured in which set of electrodes?

Select one of the following:

  • Fronto-polar

  • Centro-parietal

  • Front-central

  • Parietal

Explanation

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