Jessica Bulley
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Wk 10- Introduction to Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry

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Jessica Bulley
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Wk 10- Introduction to Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry

Question 1 of 50

1

What are the “building blocks” for protein macromolecules?

Select one of the following:

  • Amino acids

  • Polysaccharides

Explanation

Question 2 of 50

1

What are the “building blocks” for polysaccharides?

Select one of the following:

  • monosaccharides

  • glucose

Explanation

Question 3 of 50

1

What are the “building blocks” for nucleic acids?

Select one of the following:

  • nucleotides

  • glucose

Explanation

Question 4 of 50

1

A nucleotide consists of three things:

- A nitrogenous base, which can be either adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine (in the case of RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil).
- A five-carbon sugar, called deoxyribose because it is lacking an oxygen group on one of its carbons.
- One or more phosphate groups.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 5 of 50

1

What are the “building blocks” for lipid aggregates?

Select one of the following:

  • Fatty acids and glycerol

  • Fatty acids and omega 3

Explanation

Question 6 of 50

1

What macromolecule/s can be made up of branched chains?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Polysaccharides

  • Monosaccharides

Explanation

Question 7 of 50

1

How many standard amino acids are there?

Select one of the following:

  • 20

  • 6

Explanation

Question 8 of 50

1

How do the standard amino acids differ from one another?

Select one of the following:

  • Side (R) groups

  • Proteins

Explanation

Question 9 of 50

1

Amino acids can be classified according to their R group. Why might it be useful to use this classification? (Hint, might some amino acids with similar R groups have similar properties?)

Select one of the following:

  • R group differentiates amino group. L and D stereoisomers determine chiralty

  • R group differentiates lipid group. L and R stereoisomers determine chiralty

Explanation

Question 10 of 50

1

What does it mean if something is Chiral?

Select one of the following:

  • The property of having a 'left' and 'right' form of a molecule/compound. They cannot be superimposed on each other as they are not 'identical'

  • The property of having completely identical forms of a molecule/compound. They can be superimposed on each other as they are 'identical'

Explanation

Question 11 of 50

1

Enantiomers are chiral molecules that are mirror images of one another. Furthermore, the molecules are non-superimposable on one another. This means that the molecules cannot be placed on top of one another and give the same molecule. Chiral molecules with one or more stereocenters can be enantiomers.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 12 of 50

1

What does the L and D in amino acids stand for?

Select one of the following:

  • The L in front of an amino acid is a shortened scientific notation for “levorotatory', the D means 'dextrorotatory'. The terms dextrorotatory and levorotatory refer to an optical property that can be observed and measured in a laboratory, by shining a beam of polarized light through a medium containing the substance.

  • The L in front of an amino acid is a shortened scientific notation for “levorous', the D means 'dextrous'. The terms dextrous and levorous refer to an optical property that can be observed and measured in a laboratory, by shining a beam of polarized light through a medium containing the substance.

Explanation

Question 13 of 50

1

Levorotatory is (of a compound) having the property of rotating the plane of a polarized light ray to the left, i.e. anticlockwise facing the oncoming radiation.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 14 of 50

1

Levorotatory is (of a compound) having the property of rotating the plane of a polarized light ray to the right, i.e. anticlockwise facing the oncoming radiation.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 15 of 50

1

Dextrorotatory (of a compound) is having the property of rotating the plane of a polarized light ray to the right, i.e. clockwise facing the oncoming radiation.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 16 of 50

1

What is a peptide bond?

Select one of the following:

  • less than 50 amino acids in the linear sequence

  • more than 50 amino acids in the linear sequence

Explanation

Question 17 of 50

1

Explain why amino acids are important.

Select one of the following:

  • Amino acids are a source of energy, they contribute about 10-15% of metabolic energy and are precursors to other important biomolecules

  • Although Amino acids are not a source of energy, they contribute about 5-10% of cattabolic energy and occasionally are precursors to other important biomolecules

Explanation

Question 18 of 50

1

Select Three examples of important Disaccharides.

Select one or more of the following:

  • Sucrose

  • Lactose

  • Maltose

  • Fructose

Explanation

Question 19 of 50

1

How is Diabetes mellitus diagnosed?

Select one of the following:

  • Blood glucose test

  • Glycosuria test

Explanation

Question 20 of 50

1

Select the Four major roles of Protein.

Select one or more of the following:

  • Plays a role in immunity, growth, regulation of genes and communication (hormones, cells)

  • Generates movement in cells and tissues (e.g. myosin in muscle) and structural support

  • Breaks down covalent bonds and transforms one chemical into another (e.g. enzymes)

  • Carries and stores small molecules or ions (e.g. haemoglobin carrying oxygen)

  • Prevents urine incontinence, hair growth and eye function

Explanation

Question 21 of 50

1

Give an example of important Monosaccharides

Select one of the following:

  • D-Glucose, D-Fructose, D-Ribose

  • D-Glucose, D-Fructose, D-Lactose

Explanation

Question 22 of 50

1

Select three (3) major functions of lipids.

Select one or more of the following:

  • Storage - fuels, insulation, protection, heat production

  • Structural - biological membranes

  • Specific biological actions - Biological messengers - intracellular and extracellular, Co-factors for enzymes, Electron carriers and effectors

  • Storage - ATP, Warmth, Oxytocin

Explanation

Question 23 of 50

1

Select Four examples of lipid aggregates.

Select one or more of the following:

  • micelles

  • liposomes

  • membranes

  • lipoproteins

  • lysosomes

Explanation

Question 24 of 50

1

Select four (4) of the major functions of carbohydrates in a cell

Select one or more of the following:

  • – structure

  • – nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

  • – cell to cell communication

  • - energy source

  • - makes up the cytoplasm

Explanation

Question 25 of 50

1

What is Beer ’s Law?

Select one of the following:

  • a more concentrated solution absorbs more light than a more dilute solution does.

  • a more diluted solution absorbs more light than a more concentrated solution does.

Explanation

Question 26 of 50

1

What is Lambert’s Law?

Select one of the following:

  • states that absorbance of a material sample is directly proportional to its thickness

  • states that absorbance of a material sample is irregardless of its thickness

Explanation

Question 27 of 50

1

What is the combined Lambert-Beer Law?

Select one of the following:

  • As the light passes through a solution, the intensity of light transmitted decrease, exponentially with increasing path length (lamberts law) and with increasing concentration of the absorbing substance (Beers law)

  • As the light passes through a solution, the intensity of light transmitted decrease, exponentially with increasing path length (lamberts law) and with decreasing concentration of the absorbing substance (Beers law)

Explanation

Question 28 of 50

1

Lipids may not be considered true macromolecules because of their structure. Briefly explain.

Select one of the following:

  • Because individual monomers (fatty acids) are not covalently bound to each other in a macromolecular structure

  • individual monomers (fatty acids) are not ionic compounds to each other in a macromolecular structure

Explanation

Question 29 of 50

1

Can two sugar molecules have different configurations despite having the same molecular formula?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes - because of stereoisomers

  • No - because there is no such thing

Explanation

Question 30 of 50

1

Is it more convenient to use Absorbance or Transmittance to determine the concentration of a substance?

Select one of the following:

  • Transmittance - The difference between the intensity of the incident light beam Io and the intensity of the light transmitted by the solution It

  • Absorbance - The difference between the intensity of the incident light beam Io and the intensity of the light transmitted by the solution It

Explanation

Question 31 of 50

1

What is the general structure of an amino acid

Select one of the following:

  • alpha (α) carbon, carboxyl group, amino group, ‘R’ group

  • alpha (α) hydrogen, carboxyl group, amino group, ‘R’ group

Explanation

Question 32 of 50

1

Explain the term Diabetes mellitus

Select one of the following:

  • high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.

  • low blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.

Explanation

Question 33 of 50

1

Spectrophotometers can be used to measure the absorbance of light of a particular wavelength by a certain material. What is meant by the term absorbance?

Select one of the following:

  • The amount of light absorbed by the material used depending on thickness

  • The amount of light unabsorbed by the material used depending on thickness

Explanation

Question 34 of 50

1

Why is the selection of optimal analytical wavelength important for spectrophotometric measurement?

Select one of the following:

  • Because different compounds absorb light at different wavelengths, a spectrophotometer can be used to distinguish compounds by analyzing the pattern of wavelengths absorbed by a given sample.

  • Because some compounds do not absorb light at different wavelengths, therefore a spectrophotometer can not be used to distinguish compounds by analyzing the pattern of wavelengths absorbed by a given sample.

Explanation

Question 35 of 50

1

List two examples of terms that describe different secondary structures that can be found in proteins.

Select one of the following:

  • Final folded form of the protein.

  • α-helix, β-sheet and Turns

Explanation

Question 36 of 50

1

What is meant by the term 'Protein Primary Structure'

Select one of the following:

  • Linear sequence of amino acids.

  • Folds, Helices and Strands

Explanation

Question 37 of 50

1

What is meant by the term 'Protein Secondary Structure'

Select one of the following:

  • Secondary protein structure is the general 3-dimensional form of local segments of a protein. The most common secondary structures are alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.

  • This process happens in the nucleus. In the cytoplasm, ribosomes will interact with the transcript and create a protein (polypeptide) from individual amino acids.

Explanation

Question 38 of 50

1

What is meant by the term 'Protein Tertiary Structure'

Select one of the following:

  • The general 3-dimensional form of local segments of a protein. The most common structures are alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.

  • Tertiary structures involve packaging and folding the secondary structures into compact globular regions called protein domains.

Explanation

Question 39 of 50

1

What is meant by the term 'Protein Quaternary Structure'

Select one of the following:

  • Protein quaternary structure is the number and arrangement of multiple folded protein subunits in a multi-subunit complex.

  • Amino acids form structures such as alpha helices, beta sheets, and random coils, which in turn fold on themselves

Explanation

Question 40 of 50

1

A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two amino acids

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 41 of 50

1

Stereoisomers are isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 42 of 50

1

A codon is the sequence of 3 consecutive nucleotides on a DNA or RNA strand. It either codes for a specific amino acid in a polypeptide or terminates the polypeptide chain

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 43 of 50

1

peptide = less than 50 amino acids in the linear sequence
polypeptide or protein = more than 50 amino acids in the linear sequence

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 44 of 50

1

Protein Structure


Linear sequence of amino acids.


Backbone of the polypeptide chain folds into regular geometric structures.
• α-helix
• β-sheet
• Turns


Final folded form of the protein.
The native form of the protein.


Association of two, or more, polypeptide tertiary structures.
e.g.haemoglobin is comprised of two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    Primary structure
    Quaternary structure
    Tertiary structure
    Secondary structure

Explanation

Question 45 of 50

1

Lipids are composed of relatively simpler smaller molecules and they can form very large structures through non covalent associations

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 46 of 50

1

Unsaturated lipids have a double bond

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 47 of 50

1

When lipids are placed in an aqueous solvent, they cluster together forming microscopic lipid aggregates. In a lipid aggregate, the hydrophobic component of lipids are in contact with each other, while the polar head groups are in contact with the aqueous solvent.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 48 of 50

1

Carbohydrate– ‘hydrate of carbon ’ Cn H2nOn (where n ≥3)

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 49 of 50

1

Oligosaccharides:
- 2 to 20 monosaccharides
-polysaccharides - ≥20 monosaccharides

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 50 of 50

1

Carbohydrate - structure
• General name
– according to number of carbons eg. trioses, tetroses,
pentoses, hexoses, heptoses
– according to type: aldose or ketose
• Aldoses
– aldehyde group in the structure
• Ketoses
– ketone group in the structure

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

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