The cornea is an adjustable structure in the eye that focuses light
Light from the right side of the world stokes the left side of the retina
Cones are essential for colour vision
Photopigments are stable in the dark
The retinex theory accounts for the principle of colour constancy
Some people with damage to area V1 show a surprising phenomenon called blindsight
A person with prosopagnosia cannot recognise voices
Damage to area V4 would likely cause problems with colour constancy
Movement of the eyes suppresses activity in the visual cortex for a brief moment
Infants are born with the ability to control their visual attention
In humans as in other species, the visual cortex is more plastic early in life
The law of specific nerve energies states that:
Any stimulation above the threshold produces an action potential
Every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light
Perception of a repeated stimulus fades
The speed of action potentials varies depending on the strength of the stimulus
In what order does visual information pass through the retina?
Bipolar cells, receptor cells, ganglion cells
Ganglion cells, bipolar cells, receptor cells
Receptor cells, ganglion cells, bipolar cells
Receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?
Ganglion cells
Bipolar cells
Rods and cones
Horizontal cells
Which of the following characterises the fovea?
It has more rods than cones
It surrounds the point of exit of the optic nerve
It has the greatest perception of detail
It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil
Which receptors are responsible for the perception of colour?
Horizontal and amacrine cells
Rods
Cones
Both rods and cones
Which theory emphasises the idea that colour vision depends on the relative responses of three kinds of cones?
Volley theory
Opponent-process theory
Young-Helmholtz theory
Retinal theory
Colour constancy is the ability to:
Recognise the colour of an object despite changes in lighting
See colour, even in very faint light
Perceive all wavelengths as the same colour
Differentiate among many colours and hues
The enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object is the result of:
The colour of the object
The diffraction of light from the edge's surface
Lateral inhibition in the retina
Fatigue of the rods and cones
In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?
Glial cells
Which ganglion cells, if any, are located mostly in or near the fovea?
They are all distributed equally
Magnocellular
Parvocellular
Koniocellular
Visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the:
Hypothalamus
Primary visual cortex
Retina
Thalamus
Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues as a pathway sensitive to:
Movement
Depth
Details of shape
Visual memories
Damage to the dorsal stream may interfere with:
Reaching out to grasp an object
Perceiving the movement of an object
Describing what is seen
Remembering something seen at a previous time
Which of the following would most strongly excite a simple cell in the primary visual cortex?
Square picture frame
Doughnut
Loud sound
Diffuse light throughout the visual field
What is one way to determine whether a given cell in the primary visual cortex is "simple" or "complex"?
Whether it is sensitive to the orientation of the stimulus
Whether its receptive field is monocular or binocular
The shape of its receptive field
Whether it can respond equally to lines in more than one location
An inability to recognise objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called:
Hemianopsia
Blindsight
Visual agnosia
Prosopagnosia
Colour perception depends mostly on:
Lateral geniculate
Parvocellular pathway
Magnocellular pathway
Superior colliculus
The ability that you have to determine that your eyes are moving instead of the room that you are in is a function of which brain area?
Area MST
MT
Inferior temporal cortex
Most of the neurons in the visual cortex of very young kittens respond to:
Both eyes, and continues that way
One eye, and continue that way
One eye, but later develop binocular control
Both eyes, but later fine tune to only one
Children with strabismus fail to develop:
Any kind of depth perception
The ability to recognise faces
Perception of movement
Stereoscopic depth perception
Light from the left half of what world strikes what part of the retina?
The left half
The right half
The whole retina equally
It depends on the wavelength
According to the trichromatic theory of colour vision
There are only three rods and three cones in each eye
There are only three colours of light in the world
Rods are important for perception of light colours
Our perception of colour depends on the relative activity of three types of cones
The pathway associated with integrating vision and movement progresses from the occipital cortex to the
Temporal cortex
Parietal cortex
Visual cortex
Frontal lobe
An individual suffers damage to the parietal cortex, but maintains an intact temporal cortex. This may result in an inability to:
Describe the size of objects
Describe the shape of objects
Describe the colour of objects
Reach out and grasp and object
Compare the shape of its receptive field
Determine whether its receptive field is monocular or binocular
Determine whether it can respond equally to lines in more than one location
Determine whether it is sensitive to the orientation of the stimulus
A man has suffered brain damage that has left him unable to recognise the faces of his wife and children, although he can identify them by their voices. What is his condition?
Aphasia
Neglect
Motion blindness
Which of the following is the correct order of visual information passing though the retina?
a. Photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
b. Bipolar cells, photoreceptors, ganglion cells
c. Ganglion cells, photoreceptors, bipolar cells
d. Bipolar cells, ganglion cells, photoreceptors
What is the pathway from the eye through the brain to the thalamus?
a. Optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate nucleus, ganglion cells
b. Ganglion cells, optic chiasm, optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus
c. Ganglion cells, optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic chiasm
d. Ganglion cells, optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate nucleus
The lateral geniculate nucleus is found in the:
a. Thalamus
b. Hypothalamus
c. Hippocampus
d. Caudate nucleus
To where in the brain do most axons of the LGN cells project?
a. Area V1
b. Primary visual cortex
c. Striate cortex
d. All of the above
What type of ganglion cell has small receptive fields in or near the fovea, responds to colour and has a high sensitivity to detail?
a. Magnocellular neurons
b. Parvocellular neurons
c. Koniocellular neurons
d. Lateral neurons
What type of ganglion cell has larger cell bodies and receptive fields, are distributed evenly throughout the retina and responds strongly to movement?
What is the theory that we perceive colour in terms of opposites as an attempt to explain negative colour after image and other phenomena?
a. Retinex theory
b. Young-Helmholtz theory
c. Opponent-process theory
d. Trichromatic theory
What is the theory that explains colour constancy, the ability to recognise colours, despite changes in lighting?
A man with a stroke who couldn’t read, recognise faces, identify objects by sight, could reach out to grab objects and to shake hands. Where is he likely to have received damage?
a. Damaged parietal cortex, sparing his temporal cortex
b. Damaged temporal cortex, sparing his parietal cortex
c. Damaged temporal and parietal cortex
d. Damaged occipital and frontal cortex
The ventral stream is known as the ______ pathway and is specialised for __________
a. “What”; locating objects
b. “Where”; locating objects
c. “Where”; identifying objects
d. “What”; identifying objects
Some people who can read and recognise objects in detail, can have trouble locating objects and running into things. They are likely to have:
a. Damage to the dorsal stream in the parietal cortex
b. Damage to the ventral stream in the temporal cortex
c. Damage to the dorsal stream in the temporal cortex
d. Damage to the ventral stream in the parietal cortex
Some people with damage to the primary visual cortex (V1) have:
a. Prosopagnosia
b. Blindsight
c. Colour blindness
d. A lazy eye
Below this question are depicted several kinds of receptive fields. In these diagrams white areas correspond to regions where exposure to light results in excitation; dark areas correspond to regions where exposure to light results in inhibition. Which kinds of receptive fields would respond best to a circular beam of light with a ring of darkness around it?
i
ii
iii
iv
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