Mitch Thornell
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Mitch Thornell
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Week 1 patho tri 2

Week 1 patho tri 2

Question 1 of 35

1

Typical early signs or symptoms of myocardial infarction include:

Select one of the following:

  • persistent chest pain radiating to the left arm, pallor, and rapid, weak pulse.

  • bradycardia, increased blood pressure, and severe dyspnea.

  • brief, substernal pain radiating to the right arm, with labored breathing.

  • flushed face, rapid respirations, left-side weakness, and numbness.

Explanation

Question 2 of 35

1

A drug taken in small doses on a continuing basis to reduce platelet adhesion is:

Select one of the following:

  • Aspirin

  • Ibuprofen

  • Heparin

  • streptokinase

Explanation

Question 3 of 35

1

When comparing angina with myocardial infarction (MI), which statement is true?

Select one of the following:

  • Angina often occurs at rest; MI occurs during a stressful time.

  • Pain is more severe and lasts longer with angina than with MI.

  • Angina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin; the pain of MI is not.

  • Both angina and MI cause tissue necrosis.

Explanation

Question 4 of 35

1

The basic pathophysiology of myocardial infarction is best described as:

Select one of the following:

  • total obstruction of a coronary artery, which causes myocardial necrosis.

  • irregular heart rate and force, reducing blood supply to coronary arteries.

  • temporary vasospasm that occurs in a coronary artery.

  • cardiac output that is insufficient to meet the needs of the heart and body.

Explanation

Question 5 of 35

1

The most common cause of a myocardial infarction is:

Select one of the following:

  • a disruption of the heart conduction system.

  • an imbalance in calcium ions.

  • an infection of the heart muscle.

  • atherosclerosis involving an attached thrombus.

Explanation

Question 6 of 35

1

A general term for all types of arterial changes, but most often applied to loss of elasticity of arteries and arterioles, is:

Select one of the following:

  • Atherosclerosis

  • Osteoporosis

  • Arteriosclerosis

  • Vascular stenosis

Explanation

Question 7 of 35

1

Hypertension that is idiopathic is known as:

Select one of the following:

  • Essential

  • Tertiary

  • Angina

  • Secondary

Explanation

Question 8 of 35

1

A modifiable factor that increases the risk for atherosclerosis is:

Select one of the following:

  • excluding saturated fats from the diet.

  • leading a sedentary lifestyle.

  • being female and older than 40 years of age.

  • familial hypercholesterolemia.

Explanation

Question 9 of 35

1

A 52-year-old male is diagnosed with primary hypertension. He could be treated with a drug that acts by which of the following mechanisms?

Select one of the following:

  • calcium channel agonist

  • angiotensin ll agonist

  • diuretic

  • beta-adrenergic agonist

Explanation

Question 10 of 35

1

Factors that may lead to the formation of varicose veins include:

Select one of the following:

  • Pregnancy, vitamin deficiencies, and mitral valve defects

  • Diet, exercise, and obesity

  • Vein valve damage, wearing tight clothing, and crossing legs

  • Trauma, lying in bed for prolonged periods, and liver failure

Explanation

Question 11 of 35

1

A stationary blood clot within an artery is a:

Select one of the following:

  • Stroke

  • Embolus

  • Thrombus

  • Myocardial infarction

Explanation

Question 12 of 35

1

Which of the following hypertensive individuals is most likely to have his or her high blood pressure diagnosed as secondary rather than essential?

Select one of the following:

  • A 51-year-old male who has been diagnosed with glomerulonephritis

  • An African American man who leads a sedentary lifestyle

  • A 40-year-old smoker who eats excessive amounts of salt and saturated fats

  • A 69-year-old woman who is an executive in a large corporation

Explanation

Question 13 of 35

1

Adverse effects such as an unproductive cough sometimes occur with which category of medicine frequently used for treatment of hypertension?

Select one of the following:

  • Diuretics

  • ACE inhibitors.

  • Calcium channel blockers

  • β-blockers

Explanation

Question 14 of 35

1

A venous disorder in which a thrombus forms spontaneously in a vein without prior inflammation is referred to as:

Select one of the following:

  • Venous stenosis

  • Phlebothrombosis

  • Fibrothrombosis

  • Thrombophlebitis

Explanation

Question 15 of 35

1

Calcium-channel blocking drugs are effective in:

Select one of the following:

  • reducing cardiac and smooth muscle contractions.

  • decreasing all types of cardiac arrhythmias

  • reducing the risk of blood clotting.

  • decreasing the attraction of cholesterol into lipid plaques.

Explanation

Question 16 of 35

1

Factors that may precipitate an angina attack include all of the following EXCEPT:

Select one of the following:

  • engaging in an angry argument.

  • running up stairs on a hot day

  • taking a nap.

  • eating a large meal.

Explanation

Question 17 of 35

1

Four patients were admitted to the emergency department with severe chest pain. All were given preliminary treatment with aspirin, morphine, and nitrates and were monitored by ECG. Which patient most likely experienced myocardial infarction?

Select one of the following:

  • A 67-year-old female whose pain started at 2 AM while she was asleep and responded to nitrates; the ECG showed arrhythmias and ST-segment elevation; cardiac markers remained stable.

  • An 80-year-old woman whose pain started at 6 AM shortly after awakening and was not relieved by nitrates or rest; the ECG showed ST-segment elevation; levels of cardiac markers subsequently rose.

  • A 33-year-old male whose pain started at 7 AM during moderate exercise and was relieved by nitrates; ECG was normal; cardiac markers remained stable.

  • A 61-year-old man whose pain started at 9 AM during a short walk and responded to nitrates, but not to rest; ECG and cardiac markers remained stable, but anginal pattern worsened.

Explanation

Question 18 of 35

1

The most common cause of myocardial ischaemia is:

Select one of the following:

  • venous emboli

  • idiopathic vasospasm

  • atherosclerosis

  • arterial emboli from heart valve vegetation

Explanation

Question 19 of 35

1

A 75-year-old male presents with severe chest pain. Lab tests in hospital reveal elevated levels of creatine kinase and troponins. These elevated levels indicate probable:

Select one of the following:

  • Unstable angina

  • Myocardial infarction

  • Hypertension

  • Stable angina

Explanation

Question 20 of 35

1

Typical early signs or symptoms of myocardial infarction include:

Select one of the following:

  • brief, substernal pain radiating to the right arm, with labored breathing.

  • bradycardia, increased blood pressure, and severe dyspnea.

  • flushed face, rapid respirations, left-side weakness, and numbness.

  • persistent chest pain radiating to the left arm, pallor, and rapid, weak pulse.

Explanation

Question 21 of 35

1

The most common cause of a myocardial ischaemia is:

Select one of the following:

  • arterial emboli from heart valve vegetation

  • venous emboli

  • Idiopathic vasospasm

  • atherosclerosis

Explanation

Question 22 of 35

1

A coronary artery disease that occurs when the blood flow to the myocardial cells is interrupted for a period of time, followed by necrosis, is referred to as:

Select one of the following:

  • Dysrhythmias

  • atherosclerosis

  • Myocardial infarction

  • angina pectoris

Explanation

Question 23 of 35

1

Which antihypertensive drug group should be avoided when a person has pre-existing respiratory condition like asthma?

Select one of the following:

  • B-blockers

  • Diuretics

  • ACE inhibitors

  • Calcium channel antagonists

Explanation

Question 24 of 35

1

Which of the following types of drugs is not typically used to treat hypertension?

Select one of the following:

  • nitrates

  • thiazide diuretics

  • ACE inhibitors

  • Calcium channel blockers

Explanation

Question 25 of 35

1

Hypertension can be classified into the following three major categories:

Select one of the following:

  • Subacute, acute and chronic

  • essential, secondary and malignant

  • Active, passive, fatal

  • primary, secondary and tertiary

Explanation

Question 26 of 35

1

Which vessel/s is/are particularly prone to an aneurysm?

Select one of the following:

  • Aorta

  • Small peripheral arteries of the legs

  • inferior vena cava

  • superior vena cava

Explanation

Question 27 of 35

1

A 55-yr old male died of myocardial infarction. autopsy would most likely reveal:

Select one of the following:

  • Platelet aggregation with an atherosclerotic coronary artery.

  • Decreased ventricular diastolic filling time

  • Smooth muscle dysplasia in the coronary artery

  • Embolism of plaque from the aorta

Explanation

Question 28 of 35

1

What condition refers to thrombotic events associated with venous wall inflammation, and occurs in any part of the body

Select one of the following:

  • Thrombophlebitis

  • Deep Vein Thrombosis

  • Phlebothrombosis

  • Varicose veins

Explanation

Question 29 of 35

1

A 60 year old female had a myocardial infarction. she was brought to hospital 30 minutes later, she survived but now has impaired ventricular function because:

Select one of the following:

  • there was too much stress on the heart

  • There was a temporary alteration in electrolyte balance

  • the cells became hypertrophic

  • The resulting ischaemia led to hypoxic injury and myocardial cell death

Explanation

Question 30 of 35

1

The build-up of fatty plaques within the wall of arteries is:

Select one of the following:

  • Ischaemic heart disease

  • Atherosclerosis

  • Hypertension

  • Peripheral vascular disease

Explanation

Question 31 of 35

1

A venous disorder in which a thrombus forms spontaneously in a vein without prior inflammation is referred to as:

Select one of the following:

  • fibrothrombosis

  • thrombophlebitis

  • Phlebothrombosis

  • Venous stenosis

Explanation

Question 32 of 35

1

Cigarette smoking is a risk factor in coronary artery disease because smoking:

Select one of the following:

  • Decrease serum lipid levels

  • Increase serum HDL levels

  • Promotes platelet adhesion

  • Reduces vasoconstriction and peripheral resistance

Explanation

Question 33 of 35

1

Factors that may lead to the formation of varicose veins include:

Select one of the following:

  • Pregnancy, vitamin deficiencies and mitral valve defects

  • Diet, exercise and obesity

  • Trauma, lying in bed for prolonged periods and liver failure

  • vein valve damage, wearing tight clothing and crossing legs

Explanation

Question 34 of 35

1

High levels of which of the following lipoproteins can be beneficial?

Select one of the following:

  • HDL

  • IDL

  • LDL

  • VLDL

Explanation

Question 35 of 35

1

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL):

Select one of the following:

  • are associated with low intake of saturated fats.

  • promote atheroma development.

  • transport cholesterol from cells to the liver for excretion.

  • contain only small amounts of cholesterol.

Explanation

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