Jennifer Khouw
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Lecture 4

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Jennifer Khouw
Created by Jennifer Khouw about 6 years ago
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Brain imaging

Question 1 of 39

1

Which are structural techniques?

Select one or more of the following:

  • X-ray and CT

  • MRI

  • Contrast agents

  • Diffusion Tensor Imaging

  • PET

  • fMRI

  • EEG

  • MEG

  • ECoG

Explanation

Question 2 of 39

1

Which are functional techniques?

Select one or more of the following:

  • PET

  • fMRI

  • EEG

  • MEG

  • ECoG

  • MRI

  • CT

Explanation

Question 3 of 39

1

X-ray and CT techniques are great at showing:

Select one of the following:

  • Blood vessels

  • Different brain regions

  • Ventricles

  • Electrical activity

Explanation

Question 4 of 39

1

_________ ventricles could be due to tumour; _________ ventricles could be due to schizophrenia

Select one of the following:

  • Shrunken; expanded

  • Expanded; shrunken

Explanation

Question 5 of 39

1

Which technique measures proton densities?

Select one of the following:

  • MRI

  • Contrast agents

  • PET

  • Electrocorticography

Explanation

Question 6 of 39

1

What is the most common contrast agent?

Select one of the following:

  • Gadolinium

  • TM tomato

  • Haemoglobin

  • Phosphorescents

Explanation

Question 7 of 39

1

What is true of Diffusion Tensor Imaging?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Shows fibre tracts

  • Measures hydrogen densities

  • Is a structural MRI technique

  • Water molecules diffuse more easily through the cross-section of neurons than along the long axis

  • Makes a lot of assumptions

Explanation

Question 8 of 39

1

Which technique involves the injection of a radioactive isotope?

Select one of the following:

  • CT

  • PET

  • Electrocorticography

  • MEG

  • Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Explanation

Question 9 of 39

1

What are examples of radioactive isotopes?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Oxygen

  • Glucose

  • Gadolinium

  • Tm tomato

Explanation

Question 10 of 39

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The brain takes about % of the body's weight, but uses about % of its nutrients

Explanation

Question 11 of 39

1

What is true of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF)?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Active regions release Nitrous Oxide to local arterioles

  • Nitrous Oxide released retroactively

  • Causes arterioles to constrict

  • Very slow change

  • Causes change in ratio of de:oxygenated blood

Explanation

Question 12 of 39

1

Which techniques are based on the close association between vasculature and metabolism?

Select one or more of the following:

  • fMRI

  • PET

  • EEG

  • MEG

  • Contrast agents

Explanation

Question 13 of 39

1

Which techniques measure electromagnetic fields generated by ionic current flow in active neurons?

Select one or more of the following:

  • EEG

  • MEG

  • fMRI

  • PET

  • Contrast agents

Explanation

Question 14 of 39

1

Which techniques are invasive?

Select one or more of the following:

  • MRI

  • PET

  • Electrocorticography

  • EEG

  • MEG

Explanation

Question 15 of 39

1

Which technique involves placing grids of electrodes directly on the surface of the brain?

Select one of the following:

  • Single-unit recording

  • Electrocorticography

  • Diffusion tensor imaging

  • Contrast X-ray angiography

Explanation

Question 16 of 39

1

When is Electrocorticography used?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Localise epileptic foci

  • Opportunistic research

  • Avoid eloquent areas during surgery

  • Research into language

  • Patients with mild clinical problems

Explanation

Question 17 of 39

1

What does MEG measure?

Select one of the following:

  • Strength of magnetic field

  • Strength of electrical field

  • Location of magnetic field

  • Location of electrical field

Explanation

Question 18 of 39

1

What is contained in a "dewer" and used to keep the SQUID close to absolute zero?

Select one of the following:

  • Liquid helium

  • Nitrous oxide

  • Dry ice

  • Hydrogen

Explanation

Question 19 of 39

1

Why do MRI scans have to be done after MEG?

Select one of the following:

  • Because MRI scans magnetize tissues for weeks

  • Due to risk of overheating the machine

Explanation

Question 20 of 39

1

Which technique induces electrical current flow by producing strong magnetic fields?

Select one of the following:

  • TMS

  • TES

  • TDS

  • tDCS

Explanation

Question 21 of 39

1

Which technique delivers a small electrical current?

Select one of the following:

  • TMS

  • tCDS

  • TES

  • EEG

Explanation

Question 22 of 39

1

Which is true of children's Fusiform gyrus response to faces, compared to adults:

Select one of the following:

  • Equally strong but later

  • Weaker and later

  • Stronger and earlier

  • Children's fusiform gyrus does not respond to face stimuli

Explanation

Question 23 of 39

1

What is true of standard template brains?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Normalise brains

  • Allows statistical analyses on brain maps

  • Is a standard size and shape

  • Used for structural brain images

Explanation

Question 24 of 39

1

Which standard template brain is based on a single well-characterised brain?

Select one of the following:

  • Talairach atlas

  • MNI atlas

  • Tesseract atlas

  • Monoamine atlas

Explanation

Question 25 of 39

1

Which standard template brain is based on an average of hundreds of MRI scans?

Select one of the following:

  • MNI atlas

  • Talairach atlas

  • Tesseract atlas

Explanation

Question 26 of 39

1

When is fMRI mostly used?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Clinically

  • Research

  • Pre-surgical and radiotherapy planning

  • Identify eloquent cortices

Explanation

Question 27 of 39

1

When is MEG usually used?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Rarely in hospitals

  • Localising epileptic foci

  • Pre-surgery mapping of eloquent cortices

  • Research

Explanation

Question 28 of 39

1

What is true of hippocampal theta oscillations?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Very active in novel environments

  • Ties together place cells

  • Tuned to specific locations in an environment

  • Different place cells fire at different phases of the theta oscillation

  • Important for semantic memory

  • Measured by EEG

Explanation

Question 29 of 39

1

Which regions make up the Default Mode Network?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Cingulate

  • Parietal

  • Frontal

  • Temporal

  • Occipital

  • Limbic

  • Diencephalonic

Explanation

Question 30 of 39

1

Which techniques are based on machine-learning?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Connectivity

  • Decoding

  • Connectomics

  • Machine reading

Explanation

Question 31 of 39

1

What is true of Connectivity analysis?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Based on graph theory

  • Emphasises brain structures over brain networks

  • Multi-voxel pattern analysis

  • Based on machine-learning

Explanation

Question 32 of 39

1

What is true of Decoding techniques?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Multi-voxel pattern analysis

  • Analyses patterns of activity to complex stimuli

  • Analyses patterns of activity to simple stimuli

  • Based on graph theory

  • Based on machine-learning

Explanation

Question 33 of 39

1

Why is the reproducibility crisis particularly acute in neuroimaging?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Huge amount of data

  • Increased possibilty of false positives

  • Too expensive to have large samples

  • Large researcher degrees of freedom

  • Statistical double-dipping

  • Results tend to have a large impact on society

  • Pre-registration of hypotheses

  • Data sharing

Explanation

Question 34 of 39

1

How has fMRI improved?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Gone from 1.5 T to 7 T

  • Better image stability

  • Better signal:noise ratio

  • Strongest magnets can reslve activity in different cortical layers

  • Higher temporal resolution

Explanation

Question 35 of 39

1

How has MEG improved?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Moving from SQUID to Optically Pumped Magnetometers

  • Human Neocortical Neurosolver

  • Dramatically improved data acquisition capabilities

  • Strongest magnets can resolve activity in different cortical layers

Explanation

Question 36 of 39

1

What are Optically Pumped Magnetometers?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Require liquid helium

  • Sensors placed directly on scalp

  • But reduced signal:noise ratio

  • Uses computers to map underlying circuit-level activity

  • Only one place in the world has them

Explanation

Question 37 of 39

1

Why isn't neuroimaging useful for psychiatric diagnosis?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Low specificity

  • High sensitivity

  • High standardization

  • Most psychiatric imaging studies are done on groups

  • Different disorders have similar neural patterns

  • DSM has much higher validity

Explanation

Question 38 of 39

1

Who said that we are currently not able to use brain imaging for psychiatric diagnoses, and may not ever be?

Select one of the following:

  • Farah & Gillihan

  • Aubertin & Bouillaud

  • Flouren & Gerschwind

Explanation

Question 39 of 39

1

Aside from diagnosis, why might brain imaging be useful in psychiatry?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Can suggest new treatments

  • DBS came from identifying deep brain areas that are hypoactive in depression

  • Quantifying and predicting treatment response

  • Classifying syndromes based on neuroimaging profile

  • Real-time neurofeedback may be a treatment in itself

Explanation

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