What is AS?
As the disease progresses, narrowing is reflected by a____ in valve area;___ jet velocity
and ___ pressure gradient
Is AS more common in females and males
AS is a LV______ overload
what is the etiology of AS
What are the secondary changes that happen with AS
When is calcific degenerative As most common?
what are some 2D findings of degenerative
calcific/senile AS
True or false
Calcium is echogenic
true or false
It may be difficult to identify bicuspid valve with advanced calcification
True or false
A bicuspid Ao valve will become stenotic earlier and is more vulnerable to calcium infiltration
What is a normal finding on M-mode with AS
What is congenital AS
When congenital AS when do the symptoms normally appear?
What are some 2D findings of Congenital AS
what is a raphe?
What is an M-mode finding of a bicuspid aortic valve
What is aortic coarctation?
what type of Doppler pattern do you see with aortic coarctation?
Where does Rheumatic disease strike first?
When is Rheumatic AS able to be diagnosed?
True or false
Rheumatic AS results in commissural fusion
Rheumatic AS will have 2D images similar to what disease
What formula is used in the cath lab to calculate AVA
what will a pressure waveform look like with AS
Which will be higher with AS the peak gradient or the mean gradient?
What measurements correlate well between the cath lab and echo?
true or false
Failure to align beam parallel to flow will result in underestimating disease
Which transducer should be used when performing a Doppler exam on a patient with AS?
What will the Doppler signal look like for AS?
How many beats do you average for VTI?
Which views are best for using a non imaging trx
How do you differentiate doppler signals between AS, TR and MR?
true or false
With AS acceleration time is longer
what is the greatest source of error between sonographers?
What do you report on a patient with AS
How do you use planimetry for AS
Problems with planimetry of the AV
When could you use Aortic Valve Index?
Prosthetic Valves are indicated in?
what are the two types of prosthetic valves?
What is a heterograft or xenograft?
what is an auto-graft?
what is a homograft or allograft?
Advantages of Bio prosthetic valves
Disadvantages of Bio Prosthetic valves
What is another name for the Ball and Cage Valve?
What is another name for the Tilting disc valve?
what is another name for the bi leaflet valve
what are some complications of mechanical valves?
what is dehiscence?
what is pannus?
What will be listed on a patient identification card?