Alberto Alejandro
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Midterm review

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Alberto Alejandro
Created by Alberto Alejandro about 6 years ago
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Modalities - Rizvi

Modalities - Rizvi

Question 1 of 50

1

What is the most appropriate remedy if a patient reports pain during the application of
ultrasound?

Select one of the following:

  • Decrease the intensity and move the transducer more quickly

  • Decrease the intensity

  • Move the transducer more quickly

  • Decrease the treatment time

Explanation

Question 2 of 50

1

Blanching is one of the responses of the skin that is helpful in determining whether or not the circulation is impaired to an area. What is the significance of blanching in the treatment area?

Select one of the following:

  • It indicates the absence or presence of capillary buds in the injured tissue

  • It determines the amount of hemoglobin present in the injured tissue.

  • It tests the amount of melanin present.

  • It indicates the response of applied pressure to the skin, indicating circulation.

Explanation

Question 3 of 50

1

What is the most common symptom for which an individual seeks medical attention for physical therapy?

Select one of the following:

  • Depression

  • Pain

  • Anxiety

  • Obesity

  • Trauma to soft tissue

Explanation

Question 4 of 50

1

Circumferential or girth measurements for the assessment of edema may be inadvertently inconsistent. Which of the following would cause this to occur?

Select one of the following:

  • Documenting where previous measures were taken.

  • Measuring with the same tape each time

  • Measuring at the same time of day each time

  • Using bony landmarks as reference points for measurement

  • Taking measurements at varied times during the day

Explanation

Question 5 of 50

1

Sound energy is transmitted as a wave. The energy produces the collision of vibrating particles, which transmit the wave energy from one particle to another, transferring momentum. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

Select one of the following:

  • None of the above

  • Ultrasound transmits energy to the body.

  • Sound has the ability to transmit wave energy through the body.

  • Sound travels through the body.

  • Sound does not have the ability to travel through the body.

Explanation

Question 6 of 50

1

Cryotherapy refers to the practice of using cold to achieve therapeutic goals. What is the reflex response to lowered skin temperature?

Select one of the following:

  • Vasoconstriction

  • Vasodilation

  • Shivering

  • Pain

Explanation

Question 7 of 50

1

What is the mechanism for heat transfer from a hot pack, and how does it influence the application of a hot pack?

Select one of the following:

  • None of the above

  • Conduction; and the hot pack within its cover must make direct contact with the treatment area.

  • Conduction; and the hot pack application is irrelevant.

  • Conversion; and the hot pack within its cover must be moved.

Explanation

Question 8 of 50

1

What is the most important reason that there needs to be a coupling agent between the ultrasound transducer and the patient when administering ultrasound?

Select one of the following:

  • To help the sound waves travel, because sound waves from the transducer cannot travel through the air

  • To increase the cost of the treatment for the patient

  • To make the administration of the ultrasound more comfortable for the patient

  • To reduce the reflection of the acoustical energy from the metal transducer into the air

Explanation

Question 9 of 50

1

Ultrasound is indicated in soft tissue injuries in part due to the effects that it has as a nonthermal treatment modality. It has been shown to promote which of the following effects?

Select one of the following:

  • All of the above

  • Tissue repair

  • Histamine production

  • Protein synthesis

  • Collagen Production

Explanation

Question 10 of 50

1

Continuous ultrasound refers to an uninterrupted flow of sound waves. Pulsed ultrasound is produced by intermittently interrupting the supply of electrical energy to the sound head, which causes interruptions in the sound waves. Which form of ultrasound has the greatest potential to cause thermal effects?

Select one of the following:

  • Ultrasound is equally thermal in both continuous and pulsed modes.

  • Continuous

  • Pulsed

  • Ultrasound is not thermal

Explanation

Question 11 of 50

1

Which of the following criteria is inconsistent with chronic pain?

Select one of the following:

  • The cause is well defined.

  • The cause is not correctable or is uncertain.

  • Medical treatments have been ineffective.

  • The painful symptoms have persisted for more than 3 months.

Explanation

Question 12 of 50

1

The result of the path of an incident and reflected wave colliding would cause what to occur in human tissues if the waves were exactly in phase?

Select one of the following:

  • Low peaks and low power in the returning wave

  • Stable cavitation and vibration

  • Unstable cavitation and tissue implosion

  • Nothing; they would cancel each other out in the tissue

Explanation

Question 13 of 50

1

Based on the physiological effects of therapeutic heat, intervention goals are easy to identify. Therapeutic heating agents are used as adjunctive intervention techniques for achieving functional goals. Which of the following goals would NOT be facilitated by the application of therapeutic heat?

Select one of the following:

  • Alleviation of pain

  • Increased tissue extensibility

  • Increased strength to perform functional activities

  • Increased motion and improvement in activities of daily living

Explanation

Question 14 of 50

1

Anatomy of the underlying tissues has what type of effect on the impedance and absorption of ultrasound?

Select one of the following:

  • The number of liquids in the underlying tissue will dissipate the acoustical energy.

  • The density of the tissues and the number of different structural components within it will help dissipate or absorb the acoustical energy of ultrasound.

  • The number of tissue layers in the underlying area will not affect the absorption of ultrasound.

  • The density of the structural components has no effect on the impedance or absorption of ultrasound.

Explanation

Question 15 of 50

1

Edema is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation; it represents an increase in the
amount of interstitial fluid either diffused or localized to the injury site. Which of the following measurements would be inappropriate for the assessment of edema?

Select one of the following:

  • Circumferential measurements

  • Pain assessment

  • Volumetric water displacement

  • Joint mobility

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 16 of 50

1

Based upon the characteristics of sound, which pitch would you be more likely to hear if your neighbor were having a party where there was loud music playing, and why?

Select one of the following:

  • A lower pitch sound because it travels farther than higher pitch sounds.

  • A lower pitch sound because it travels with all of its energy, unlike higher pitch sounds.

  • A higher pitch because it travels farther than lower pitch sounds.

  • A higher pitch because it travels with all of its energy, unlike lower pitch sounds.

Explanation

Question 17 of 50

1

What must take place between the physical agent and the patient’s skin if conduction is the method of thermal exchange?

Select one of the following:

  • Direct contact between the thermal agent and the patient’s skin

  • Sufficient movement of air between the thermal agent and the patient’s skin

  • An extended period of exposure between the heat agent and the skin

  • The transformation from a liquid to a gas state

Explanation

Question 18 of 50

1

Cold is commonly used in the management of acute inflammation and edema. Which of the following interventions has been the most successful in controlling pain and edema in the management of acute ankle sprains?

Select one of the following:

  • Cold

  • Cold and compression

  • No difference has been identified between the use of cold or compression, separately or together.

  • Compression

Explanation

Question 19 of 50

1

Temperature regulation occurs to maintain homeostasis through the interaction of local and central neural mechanisms. Where in the brain is this information processed?

Select one of the following:

  • None of the above

  • In the hypothalamus

  • In the cortex

  • In the thalamus

  • In the cerebellum

Explanation

Question 20 of 50

1

Which of the following types of nociceptors has the fastest conduction velocity?

Select one of the following:

  • Small, unmyelinated C-fibers

  • Mechanoreceptors

  • A-delta fibers

  • C-fibers

Explanation

Question 21 of 50

1

What is the difference between girth assessment for edema and volumetric assessment of edema?

Select one of the following:

  • Girth measurements are more difficult to take than volumetric measurements of edema.

  • Girth is measured with a tape measure and volume is measured with water displacement.

  • Girth is measured at the same time of day each time and volumetry can be performed at any time during the day.

  • Girth measurements indicate the exact location of the edema and the quantity; volumetric assessment just indicates that there is edema present but not specifically where.

Explanation

Question 22 of 50

1

Which of the following types of non-narcotic medications is often prescribed for analgesia but tends to cause gastrointestinal irritation?

Select one of the following:

  • Codeine

  • Morphine

  • Serotonin

  • NSAIDs

  • Methamphetamine

Explanation

Question 23 of 50

1

How does the application of superficial heat administered through a fluidotherapy differ from the application of a hot pack or paraffin?

Select one of the following:

  • A fluidotherapy does not lose heat over time and heats by convection.

  • A fluidotherapy loses heat over time and heats by conduction.

  • A fluidotherapy loses heat over time and heats by convection.

  • There is no difference between them except cost.

Explanation

Question 24 of 50

1

Which of the following terms means “the purposeful and skilled interaction of the physical therapist with the patient/client . . . using various physical therapy methods and techniques to produce changes in the condition that are consistent with the diagnosis and prognosis” (according to the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice, 2nd edition)?

Select one of the following:

  • None of the above

  • Diagnosis

  • Intervention

  • Evaluation

  • Examination

Explanation

Question 25 of 50

1

Which of the following best defines the term “control group”?

Select one of the following:

  • None of the above

  • The group not receiving the intervention

  • The group receiving the intervention

  • The group that reviews the study outcome

  • The group that controls the entire study

Explanation

Question 26 of 50

1

Which of the following terms is NOT a synonym for the frequency of acoustic vibrations?

Select one of the following:

  • Megahertz

  • Rate

  • Cycles per second

  • None; all of these terms are synonyms for frequency.

Explanation

Question 27 of 50

1

Pain receptors are responsible for signaling potential tissue damage. What is the name for this type of receptor?

Select one of the following:

  • Motor fibers

  • Thermoreceptors

  • Nociceptors

  • Mechanoreceptors

Explanation

Question 28 of 50

1

Residual elongation of connective tissue is dependent upon which of the following?

Select one of the following:

  • Sufficient increase in tissue temperature

  • The timing of the application

  • Type of stretch applied

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 29 of 50

1

Which of the following terms means “a dynamic process in which the physical therapist makes clinical judgments based on data gathered during the examination” (according to the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice, 2nd edition)?

Select one of the following:

  • Intervention

  • Examination

  • Diagnosis

  • Evaluation

Explanation

Question 30 of 50

1

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

Select one of the following:

  • Scar tissue is stronger than the tissue it replaces.

  • Scar tissue is 70% as strong as the tissue it replaces.

  • Scar tissue is not as strong as the tissue it replaces.

  • Scar tissue is as strong as the tissue it replaces.

Explanation

Question 31 of 50

1

What is the difference between iontophoresis and phonophoresis?

Select one of the following:

  • There is no difference between iontophoresis and phonophoresis.

  • Iontophoresis uses sound to deliver medication and phonophoresis uses electrical current to deliver medication to the underlying tissues.

  • Iontophoresis uses electrical charge to push medication into the underlying tissue and phonophoresis uses sound to push medication into the tissue.

  • Iontophoresis delivers ions and phonophoresis delivers molecules into the underlying tissues.

Explanation

Question 32 of 50

1

Which of the following research designs contains a control group?

Select one of the following:

  • Experimental

  • Non-experimental

  • Case study

  • Quasi-experimental

Explanation

Question 33 of 50

1

Muscle tone refers to the resistance of the muscle to passive stretch or elongation, or how “tight” it feels. Which of the following terms is the most appropriate when referring to this phenomenon after an injury?

Select one of the following:

  • Muscle spasticity

  • Muscle guarding

  • Muscle spasm

  • Flexibility

  • None of these terms is correct.

Explanation

Question 34 of 50

1

Of what potential significance is the beam non-uniformity ratio (BNR) of an ultrasound transducer?

Select one of the following:

  • It is a ratio of the surface area of the transducer and how pulsed the energy is over the average area.

  • It is the ratio of the power of the ultrasound to the duty factor of the ultrasound.

  • It is the ratio to the surface area of the transducer in square centimeters to measurable acoustical energy leaving the crystal in Watts.

  • It is the ratio of the peak power to the average power in the cross section of the transducer.

Explanation

Question 35 of 50

1

Which of the following terms best describes the phenomenon experienced by the patient when painful symptoms are perceived in areas remote from the site of the original tissue damage?

Select one of the following:

  • Phantom pain

  • Acute pain

  • Chronic pain

  • Referred pain

Explanation

Question 36 of 50

1

The duty factor of the ultrasound unit represents which of the following characteristics of the ultrasound that is being delivered to the patient?

Select one of the following:

  • The percentage of off time of the acoustical energy

  • The frequency of the acoustical energy

  • The percentage of on time of the acoustical energy

  • The treatment time for the acoustical energy

Explanation

Question 37 of 50

1

Which of the following organizations includes the use of evidence-based practice in its “Vision 2020”?

Select one of the following:

  • American Physical Therapy Association (APTA)

  • Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy (FSBPT)

  • Commission on Accreditation of Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE)

  • Medicare

Explanation

Question 38 of 50

1

A referral area of pain that follows the dermatome of a nerve is following what pattern?

Select one of the following:

  • The organ that is supplied by that nerve

  • The bone that is supplied by that nerve

  • The muscle that is supplied by that nerve

  • The skin that is supplied by that nerve

Explanation

Question 39 of 50

1

The most basic premise behind Melzack and Wall’s gate control theory of pain is that:

Select one of the following:

  • No pain, no gain!

  • Psychological factors influence pain perception, making it impossible to accurately quantify.

  • Sensory stimuli can inhibit painful stimuli from reaching the brain.

  • Pain is a unique experience for all individuals, which can be qualified only by the individual experiencing it.

  • There is an interaction of peripheral and central mechanisms that may or may not elicit a painful response to noxious stimuli.

Explanation

Question 40 of 50

1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the number of subjects to the strength of the research study?

Select one of the following:

  • Studies that have subjects also have the least strength.

  • There is no relationship.

  • Studies don't have subjects.

  • The lower the number of subjects, the stronger the study.

  • The higher the number of subjects, the stronger the study.

Explanation

Question 41 of 50

1

Conversion refers to the temperature change that results from energy transformed from
one form to another, such as the conversion from mechanical or electrical energy to heat.
Which of the following examples of a physical agent modality represents a form of heat by conversion?

Select one of the following:

  • Continuous ultrasound

  • Hot pack application

  • Ice Massage

  • Exposure to an infrared lamp

  • Fluidotherapy

Explanation

Question 42 of 50

1

Therapeutic heat or cold is delivered to the target tissue by all of the following mechanisms except?

Select one of the following:

  • Evaporation

  • Radiation

  • None of the above; all are mechanisms for the delivery of therapeutic heat.

  • Conversion

Explanation

Question 43 of 50

1

The McGill-Melzack pain questionnaire differs from other pain assessment tools in which important aspect?

Select one of the following:

  • It was copyrighted, and data collected with it are tabulated with a national databank funded by the copyright fees.

  • It has been used experimentally and has known values for effectiveness

  • It is multidimensional and crosses cultures, diagnoses, and levels of cognitive understanding.

  • It is no different from other pain assessment tools.

Explanation

Question 44 of 50

1

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding clinical versus experimental pain?

Select one of the following:

  • Although the sensation is the same, results accomplished experimentally should not be extrapolated to be identical in clinical pain syndromes.

  • Clinical pain is unique to each individual, which makes experimental pain of no use for research purposes.

  • Experimental pain is easier to produce than clinical pain and is therefore of no use for research purposes.

  • The sensations are the same regardless of the method of production, which makes extrapolation of data from experimental studies directly applicable to clinical pain syndromes.

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 45 of 50

1

Ultrasound uses sound, which is produced by vibration of a medium. Which of the following would NOT be appropriate for the transmission of sound?

Select one of the following:

  • A liquid

  • A solid

  • A gas

  • A vacuum

Explanation

Question 46 of 50

1

Spotty patches of erythema following the application of thermal agents are referred to as mottling of the skin. What is the significance of mottling?

Select one of the following:

  • Mottling is a normal response to the application of cold.

  • Mottling is an abnormal response to the application of cold.

  • Mottling is a normal response to the application of heat.

  • Mottling is a potential warning sign that the underlying tissue may not be able to effectively respond to thermal agents.

Explanation

Question 47 of 50

1

Which of the following endogenous substances is NOT released into an injured area as a normal response to injury?

Select one of the following:

  • Glucose

  • Histamine

  • Potassium

  • Serotonin

Explanation

Question 48 of 50

1

When sensory information reaches the brain, the information is integrated and interpreted along with information about the temperature of the blood circulating through the hypothalamus. Which of the following mechanisms regulates temperature?

Select one of the following:

  • Shivering to maintain heat

  • Vasodilation or vasoconstriction of blood vessels

  • All of the above are examples of temperature regulation.

  • Sweating to lose heat

Explanation

Question 49 of 50

1

Heat from superficial heating agents generally penetrates to depths of less than 2 cm (approximately inch) from the surface of the skin. Subcutaneous tissue that is wellvascularized reaches its maximum temperature within 8 to 10 minutes of application. Which of the following individual patient factors would potentially alter this?

Select one of the following:

  • Both A and B could potentially alter the effects of superficial heating agents.

  • Neither A nor B would alter the effects of superficial heating agents.

  • The intensity of the superficial heating agent

  • The amount of adipose in the area being treated

Explanation

Question 50 of 50

1

According to Melzack and Wall’s gate control theory of pain, how does the application of therapeutic heat reduce the perception of pain?

Select one of the following:

  • The theory has not been proven; therefore the application of therapeutic heat does not reduce pain perception.

  • Thermal stimuli override sensory input and open the gate in the spinal cord.

  • Thermal stimuli inhibit nociceptor input to the spinal cord and open the gate in the spinal cord.

  • Thermal stimuli override painful stimuli and inhibit pain transmission.

Explanation

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