Jo O'Bar
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Study guide for Microbiology I at UWF. Questions are taken directly from the sample exam

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Jo O'Bar
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Microbiology Exam 2

Question 1 of 81

1

Which is true about biological reduction of nitrogen gas to ammonia?

Select one of the following:

  • Can be accomplished by free-living organisms in Domains Archaea and Bacteria

  • Can be accomplished by a variety of symbioses between prokaryotes and eukaryotic macro organisms

  • Is thermodynamically exergonic but requires high input of cellular energy (ATP)

  • Is catalyzed by an enzyme that typically contains iron and molybdenum co-factors

  • All of these answers are true

Explanation

Question 2 of 81

1

The tendency of systems to go from a lower state of order to a more organized system is supported by which of the below?

Select one of the following:

  • entropy

  • First Law of Thermodynamics

  • Second Law of Thermodynamics

  • Chemiosmotic Theory

  • None of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 3 of 81

1

Enzyme(s) by which bacteria assimilate gaseous molecular nitrogen is/are...

Select one of the following:

  • Nitrogenase

  • Glutamine synthetase (GS)

  • Glutamate synthase (GOGAT)

  • Glutamate degydrogenas (GDH)

  • Both Nitrogenase and GS

Explanation

Question 4 of 81

1

The Ames test...

Select one or more of the following:

  • determines histidine resistace of Salmonella typhimurium

  • uses Salmonella typhimurium

  • depends on reversion of histidine auxotrophs to prototrophy

  • assesses chemical mutagenicity

Explanation

Question 5 of 81

1

Bacterial cells are not diploid because...

Select one of the following:

  • they do not reproduce sexually

  • their DNA is single-stranded

  • their DNA is double-stranded

  • they use plasmids to reproduce

  • they usually have only one set of chromosomes

Explanation

Question 6 of 81

1

Strains of E. coli with an F-factor that has integrated into the chromosome are known as

Select one of the following:

  • Hfr strians

  • Super males

  • F+ strains

  • Episomes

  • All of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 7 of 81

1

Which of these mechanism(s) do NOT protect nitrogenase from denaturation by molecular oxygen?

Select one of the following:

  • fixation of nitrogen under aerobic conditions

  • heterocysts of cyanobacteria that separate nitrogen fixation from oxygenic photosynthesis

  • uncoupling of oxidation from phosphorylation in respiratory chain (electron transport system)

  • leghemoglobin

  • all of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 8 of 81

1

Housekeeping genes are

Select one of the following:

  • constitutively expressed

  • essential to growth and life of the cell

  • useful to determine whether a cell is active even without culturing it

  • all of these answers are correct

  • none of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 9 of 81

1

Which of the below contributed most to our understanding of "sex" in bacteria?

Select one of the following:

  • Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum

  • Paul Berg

  • Myron Sasser

  • Max Delbruck and Salvador Luria

  • The Kardashians

Explanation

Question 10 of 81

1

Transfer of gnetic information between prokaryotes that requires direct physical contact between the donor and recipient cells and does NOT require a bacterial virus is called

Select one of the following:

  • transformation

  • transduction

  • Transcendental Mediation

  • conjugation

  • none of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 11 of 81

1

Four- and five-carbon sugars and NADPH, essential for biosynthetic (anabolic) functions, are provided by which pathway?

Select one of the following:

  • oxidatie pentose phosphate

  • Entner-Doudoroff

  • Tricarboxylic acid cycle

  • Glycolysis

  • Embden-Meyerhof, Parnas

Explanation

Question 12 of 81

1

Regulation of metabolic pathways within microorganisms is controlled in which of the following ways?

Select one of the following:

  • altering activity of key enzymes

  • regulating biosyntheseis--and thus the amount--of key enzymes

  • induction and regression of genes

  • feedback inhibition of key enzymes by end products of a pathway

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 13 of 81

1

Why did Lederberg and Tatum use multiple auxotrophic mutants, i.e., strains with deficiencies in biosynthetic capabilities in several places, in their experiment that demonstrated conjugation in bacteria?

Select one of the following:

  • Each mutation has reversion rate 10*-8 per cell per generation. Thus, 10 in a billion cells will revert to wild-type. By using 3 mutants, the likelihood of all three reverting to wild type is infinitesimally small

  • They had a lot of auxotrophs in their culture collection

  • To prove the Mobilome

  • They were sex addicts

  • none of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 14 of 81

1

Positive control of gene transcription involves

Select one of the following:

  • a regulator protein binding to the DNA operon.

  • interaction of a regulator protein with DNA that is not a cestron

  • enhancement of transcription effieceny

  • suppression of trascription efficiency

  • All except D

Explanation

Question 15 of 81

1

Positive control of gene transcription involves

Select one or more of the following:

  • A regulator protein binding to the DNA operon

  • interaction of a regulator protein with DNA that is not a cistron

  • enhancement of transcription efficiency

  • suppression of trascription efficiency

Explanation

Question 16 of 81

1

Specific regulatory interaction between proteins and DNA

Select one of the following:

  • is common and occurs in all domains in life

  • is restricted to only Domain Bacteria

  • is restricted to only Domain Eukarya

  • is restricted to only Domain Archaea

  • is restricted to only the prokaryotic domains of Bacteria and Archaea

Explanation

Question 17 of 81

1

Genomes of Domain Bacteria...

Select one or more of the following:

  • are haploid.

  • typically consist of one chromosome.

  • are covalently closed circular DNA.

  • may be composed of single-stranded DNA.

Explanation

Question 18 of 81

1

Nonsense-supressor mutations...

Select one of the following:

  • allow a translation stop codon to be ignored.

  • require a change in tRNA specificity

  • restore in the original, wild phenotype

  • result in substitution of an amino acid into the position specified by the stop codon in the mRNA

  • All of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 19 of 81

1

Plasmid copy number is which of the below?

Select one of the following:

  • The same as chromosomal copy number.

  • The ratio between the numbers of a specific plasmid inside a bacterial cell and the number of chromosomes.

  • The total copies of a plasmid in a single cell.

  • How efficiently a plasmid is copied during cell division.

  • The number of genes carried on each plasmid

Explanation

Question 20 of 81

1

Nitrogenase...

Select one or more of the following:

  • is an enzyme

  • is common in Domain Eukarya

  • may catalyze reduction of substrates other than nitrogen gas

  • is highly conserved in Domains Bacteria and Archaea

Explanation

Question 21 of 81

1

The use of terminal electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen at the end of an electron transport chain is...

Select one or more of the following:

  • anaerobic respiration

  • common in heterotrophic macroorganisms including humans

  • assiilatory nitrate reduction

  • aerobic respiration

Explanation

Question 22 of 81

1

Which bacteriophage is the model for specialized transduction?

Select one of the following:

  • Coliphage Lambda (a phage that attacks E. coli)

  • coliphage 42

  • T-even coliphage

  • General transducing phages

  • None of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 23 of 81

1

The rolling circle mechanism of DNA replication is utilized...

Select one or more of the following:

  • during conjugative trasfer of DNA into an F- recipient

  • during replication of DNA of some viruses

  • during most replication of bacterial chromosomes

  • by Eukarya

Explanation

Question 24 of 81

1

What principal metabolic advantage does fermentation confer to the cell?

Select one of the following:

  • Produces useful metabolic byproducts such as ethanol, acetone, lactic acid

  • Generates a prodigious quantity of ATP

  • oxidizes reduced electron carriers such as NADH

  • makes alcoholic beverages and cheeses that make people happy

  • All of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 25 of 81

1

Which of the below mapping methods will give information on the polar relationship of two genes, e.g., whether gene B is between genes A and C?

Select one of the following:

  • co-transformation

  • co-trasduction

  • interrupted conjugation

  • sequencing of DNA bases

  • All of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 26 of 81

1

The uncoupling of oxidation from phosphorylation during trasport of electrons via an electron trasport system to a terminal electron acceptor

Select one of the following:

  • occurs in some natural systems

  • can be experimentally induced with certain chemicals

  • results in generation of no ATP

  • produces heat

  • all of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 27 of 81

1

The capability of a bacterial strain or species to take up naked DNA is called

Select one of the following:

  • competence

  • fertility

  • promiscuity

  • trasduction

  • lysogeny

Explanation

Question 28 of 81

1

Which possible fates for DNA that has been introduced (exogenote) into a new host cell result in the MOST-stable transfer into future generations of the recipient cell?

Select one of the following:

  • Recombination with the endogenote

  • Digestion catalyzed by host enzymes

  • Formation of a partial diploid cell

  • Formation of partial diploid clone

  • All of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 29 of 81

1

The most abundant single protein in the biosphere is

Select one or more of the following:

  • a key enzyme of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle

  • RuBisCO

  • pyruvate dehydrogenase

  • nitrogenase

Explanation

Question 30 of 81

1

Okasaki fragments

Select one of the following:

  • are proteins

  • encode housekeeping functions for the cell

  • are delicious but expensive appetizers at Japenese restaurants

  • accommodate the fact that DNA polymerase must synthesize the complementary new strand

Explanation

Question 31 of 81

1

A metabolic pathway that fixes carbon dioxide into an organic molecule but does not support autotrophic growth is

Select one of the following:

  • the reductive pentose phosphate cycle

  • an anaplerotic reaction

  • the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle

  • the acetyl-CoA pathway

  • all of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 32 of 81

1

Who was curator for the genetic map of Escherichia coli for many years?

Select one of the following:

  • Martha Hershey and Alred Chase

  • Avery, ClLeod and McCarty

  • Barbara Bachman

  • Barbara McClintock

  • Britney Spears

Explanation

Question 33 of 81

1

For this course, we have adopted which terminology as our definition of a "gene?"

Select one or more of the following:

  • DNA polynucleotide sequence that codes for a gene product, e.g., protein, tRNA, rRNA

  • Cistron

  • any DNA in a bacterial chromosome or plasmid

  • a DNA sequence with a specific start and end

Explanation

Question 34 of 81

1

Which of the below used radioisotopes to demonstrate that the DNA and not the protein components of bacteriophages directed infection of the host cell?

Select one of the following:

  • Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

  • Hershey and Chase

  • Griffith

  • Watson and Crick

  • Gilbert and Sanger

Explanation

Question 35 of 81

1

Auxotrophic mutant bacteria

Select one of the following:

  • have the biosynthetic capability of the "wild type" e.g. typical bacteria of that species

  • may undergo reversion to their prototrophic forms

  • are resistant to multiple antibiotics

  • are able to obtain all their caron requirement by fixing carbon dioxide

Explanation

Question 36 of 81

1

Which pathway of glucose catabolism is found only in prokaryotic microorganisms

Select one of the following:

  • Entner-Doudoroff

  • Embden-Myerhof-Parnas

  • Calvin cycle

  • Oxidative Pentose Phosphate

  • Nitrogen fixation

Explanation

Question 37 of 81

1

Who of belaw developed a "chemiosmotic" theory that provided a unified mechanism for how ATP was made during respiration and in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Select one of the following:

  • Peter Mitchell

  • Louis Pasteur

  • Woese, Falkow, Berg

  • Singer, Nicholson

  • Embden, Meyerhof, Parnas

Explanation

Question 38 of 81

1

Small Interfering, siRNA, or "Silencer RNA" is used to

Select one of the following:

  • suppress antibiotic resistant mutants

  • suppress expression of specific genes

  • select auxotrophic mutants

  • override stop codons

  • provide a mechanism for site-specific mutagenesis

Explanation

Question 39 of 81

1

Who won the Nobel for discovering transposons

Select one of the following:

  • Barbara McClintock

  • Barbara Bachman

  • Martha Hershey and Alfred Chase

  • Avery, McLeod and McCarty

  • Batman and Robin

Explanation

Question 40 of 81

1

Which group below has a specialized cell that compartmentalizes nitrogen fixation and sequesters it from oxygenic photosynthesis

Select one of the following:

  • filimentous cyanobacteria

  • purple non-sulfer bacteria

  • single-celled cyanobacteria

  • green sulfur bacteria

  • purple sulfur bacteria

Explanation

Question 41 of 81

1

The principle that spontaneous mutations in bacteria are rare and random

Select one of the following:

  • was supported by a fluctuation analysis experiment

  • was demonstrated by Max Delbruck and Salvador Luria

  • was demonstrated by using Poisson Distribution

  • was supported by following acquistition of mutant characteristics during the growth of E. coli in the absence of selection pressures

  • All of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 42 of 81

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

Under optimal conditions, the complete transfer of the entire chromosome during an Hfr x F- mating between two strains of E. coli takes approximately ( 100, 10, 200, 50, 20 ) minutes.

Explanation

Question 43 of 81

1

Mutants of bacteria that are defectiv in biosynthetic capability relative to the wild type can be selected using which of the below?

Select one of the following:

  • The Ames test

  • The auxotrophic-mutant rejection protocol

  • The Heimlich Maneuver

  • Use of penicillin counter-selection against prototrophs

  • Replica plating

Explanation

Question 44 of 81

1

Which of the below are/were major player(s) in our understanding of biological nitrogen fixation?

Select one of the following:

  • Robert Burris

  • Harold Evans

  • Arto Virtannen

  • Carnahan and ortenson

  • All of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 45 of 81

1

Which of the below discovered and experimentally demonstrated that a non-living "transforming" material could change an avirulent strain of a bacterium into a virulent, pathogenic microorganism?

Select one of the following:

  • Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

  • Fred Griffith

  • Hershey and Chase

  • Watson and Crick

  • Gilbert and Sanger

Explanation

Question 46 of 81

1

Sulfanilamide...

Select one or more of the following:

  • is a chemotherapeutic agent

  • competes with PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid) for an active site of an enzyme

  • is an antibiotic

  • stops transcription in bacteria

Explanation

Question 47 of 81

1

To what does the term "bacteroid" refer?

Select one of the following:

  • bacterial cells within genera Rhizobium or Bradyrhizobium that are symbiotic with leguminous plants

  • a prokaryote with characteristics similar to both Bacteria and Archaea

  • a prokaryotic bacterial cell with characteristics similar to those of eukaryotic cells

  • prokaryotic symbionts that a bacterium-like bacterium found on planets other than Earth

Explanation

Question 48 of 81

1

How do bacteroids differ from the free-living bacteria?

Select one of the following:

  • They are symbiotic form of genera Rhizobium or Bradyrhizobium with luminous plants

  • They cooperate with a plant host in producing legheoglobin

  • They reduce diatomic nitrogen gas to ammonia

  • All of these answers are correct

  • None of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 49 of 81

1

A bacterium experienceing a severe amino acid shortage

Select one of the following:

  • may exhibit Stringent Response

  • will contain elevated levels of ppGpp

  • will continue biosynthesis of amino acids

  • will have a high level of uncharged tRNA

  • will have all of the listed properties

Explanation

Question 50 of 81

1

Which pathway produces the most ATP?

Select one of the following:

  • Entner-Doudoroff

  • Embden-Meyerhof-Pamas

  • Tricarboxylic acid cycle

  • Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway

  • Electron transport chains coupled to chemiosmosis

Explanation

Question 51 of 81

1

Who wrote a treatise on the "mobilome"--emphasizing horizontal gene transfer in bacteria

Select one of the following:

  • Peter Mitchell

  • Tamar Barkay

  • Louis Pasteur

  • Carl Woese and George Fox

  • Paul Berg

Explanation

Question 52 of 81

1

What is the principal Domain of biological organisms within which Operon Theory was developed?

Select one of the following:

  • E. coli

  • Fungi

  • Eukarya

  • Archaea

  • Bacteria

Explanation

Question 53 of 81

1

Which Biological Domains apply to the below...

Select one or more of the following:

  • Escherichia coli = Bacteria

  • Cyanobacteria = Bacteria

  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae = Eukarya

  • Cyanobacteria = Archaea

Explanation

Question 54 of 81

1

The use of nitrate as a source of nitrogen to build cells is

Select one or more of the following:

  • assimilatory nitrate reduction

  • reduction of nitrate to ammonia, whcih is then incorporated into amino acids

  • nitrate respiration

  • denitrification

Explanation

Question 55 of 81

1

Transposons used as mutagens

Select one of the following:

  • alkylate (e.g., methylate) nitrogen bases of DNA

  • create thymidine dimers

  • distort the DNA backbone and cause reading frameshifts

  • interupt a gene by inserting into it

  • none of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 56 of 81

1

Which mechanism(s) may protect nitrogenase from denaturation by molecular oxygen?

Select one or more of the following:

  • fixation of nitrogen under aerobic conditions

  • heterocysts of cyanobacteria that separate nitrogen fixation from oxygenic photosynthesis

  • uncoupling of oxidation from posphorylation in respiratory chain (electron trasport system

  • leghemoglobin

Explanation

Question 57 of 81

1

The Calvin-Benson-Bassam cycle

Select one or more of the following:

  • catalyzes the oxidation of CO2

  • has metabolic intermediates in common with the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway

  • carboxylates the sugar ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate

  • is found in both eukaryotic and prokarotic domains of life

Explanation

Question 58 of 81

1

The physiological function of anaplerotic CO2 fixation pathways is

Select one or more of the following:

  • to reoxidize NADH

  • to support autotrophic growth

  • to replenish 4-carbon compounds such as oxaloacetate in the TCA cycle

  • to reverse the TCA cycle

Explanation

Question 59 of 81

1

Which of the below groups includes a genus name that is NOT a diazotroph?

Select one of the following:

  • Escherichia, Fungi

  • Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium

  • Clostridium, Klebsiella

  • Azotobacter, Anabaena

  • Bradyrhizobium, Spirillum

Explanation

Question 60 of 81

1

Lectins

Select one of the following:

  • are proteins with an affinity for monosaccharide residues

  • may be used for ABO-typing of blood

  • are involved in host-plant selection for nitrogen-fixing symbioses between bacteria and legumes

  • are produced by legumes

  • all of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 61 of 81

1

The key enzyme(s) by which bacteria assimilate relatively-LOW concentrations of ammonia is/are

Select one or more of the following:

  • glutamine synthetase

  • glutamate synthase

  • glutamate dehudrogenase or other amino acid dehydrogenases

  • nitrogenase

Explanation

Question 62 of 81

1

Which of the below enzymes change the covalent structure of DNA?

Select one or more of the following:

  • DNA polymerase III

  • DNA ligase

  • DNA gyrase

  • DNA helicase

Explanation

Question 63 of 81

1

Who performed experiments using "fluctuation analysis" and Poisson distribution characterizing spontaneous mutations in bacteria?

Select one of the following:

  • Lois Pasteur

  • Max Delbruck and Salvador Luria

  • Joshua Lederberg

  • Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur

  • Griffith, Avery McLeod and McCarty

Explanation

Question 64 of 81

1

Early, seminal experiments that distinguished between enetic exchange mechanisms of bacteria that require physical contact and those that do not employed which of the below?

Select one of the following:

  • auxotrophic mutants

  • E. coli

  • U-tube with sintered glass

  • strains of bacteria with multiple biosynthetic deficiencies

  • all of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 65 of 81

1

Catabolism of a protein bhy any organism requires which first step?

Select one of the following:

  • hydrolysis of the polypeptide to amino acids

  • deamination

  • breakdown to glucose

  • all of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 66 of 81

1

"Positive control" regulatory mechanisms include

Select one or more of the following:

  • catabolite repression

  • repression/co-repression

  • inducible operons

  • attenuation

Explanation

Question 67 of 81

1

What is the utility of the Ames test?

Select one of the following:

  • Drug resistance of Salmonella typhimurium may be determined

  • Salmonella typhimurium mutation rate may be determined

  • Genes defective in histidine biosynthesis may be corrected

  • Repair of auxotrophic mutants is accomplished

  • an index of potential carcinogenicity of a chemical may be estimated

Explanation

Question 68 of 81

1

Batch-growth kinetics of E. coli grown on lactose and glucose hat become exponential pause for a second lag phase, and then proceed to a second logarithmic phase are

Select one of the following:

  • a result of a positive-control regulatory meechanism

  • a result of a microbe's "preference"in carbon source

  • a result of a mechanism in which cyclic AMP interacts with an allosteric protein

  • termed "diauxie" or diauxic growth

  • all of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 69 of 81

1

Regulaion by attenuation requires tight coupling between transcription and translation and, therefore, occurs in

Select one of the following:

  • eukaryotes

  • prokaryotes

  • fungi and plants

  • algae

  • protozoa

Explanation

Question 70 of 81

1

The theoretical construct describing transfer of information between macromolecules within cells is known as

Select one of the following:

  • trascriptomics

  • central dogma

  • genomics

  • proteomics

  • bioinformatics

Explanation

Question 71 of 81

1

A contiguous series of genes (cistrons) under transcriptional control of a single operator siteand regulatory protein is known as

Select one of the following:

  • a regulon

  • a transcription

  • a modulon

  • a transposon

  • an operon

Explanation

Question 72 of 81

1

Regulation by attenuation occurs commonly in which kind of operons?

Select one of the following:

  • Lac and other sugar-metabolizing operons

  • nitrogen fixation operons

  • Housekeeping gene operons

  • diauxic operons

  • amino acid biosynthesis operons

Explanation

Question 73 of 81

1

Who was awarded the Nobel Prize for elucidating transcriptional regulation in bacteria?

Select one of the following:

  • Francois Jacob, Andre L'Woff, Jacques Monod

  • Max Delbruck and Salvador Luria

  • Joshuaa Lederberg

  • Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur

  • Griffith, Avery McLeod and McCarty

Explanation

Question 74 of 81

1

Which of the below regions of DNA within an operon are NOT genes/cistrons?

Select one or more of the following:

  • operator

  • promoter

  • regulator

Explanation

Question 75 of 81

1

Inducible operons

Select one or more of the following:

  • control transcription of genes with catabolic function

  • control transcription of genes with anabolic/biosynthetic function

  • control transcription of genes with "food" acquisition and digestive function

Explanation

Question 76 of 81

1

Which are cistrons within the Trp operon?

Select one of the following:

  • control transcription of genes with catabolic fuction

  • control transcription of genes with "food" acquisition and digestive function

  • TrpE, TrpD, Trp C, TrpB, TrpA

  • LacZ, LacY, LacA

Explanation

Question 77 of 81

1

Lower gastrointestinal tracts of vertebrates are anaerobic. Which metabolic pathway(s) is/are responsible for flatulence?

Select one of the following:

  • fermentation

  • oxygenic photosynthesis

  • anoxygenic photosynthesis

  • TCA cycle

  • aerobic respiration

Explanation

Question 78 of 81

1

The "chemiosmotic theory" of oxidative phosphorylation...

Select one of the following:

  • provides a unified mechanism for how ATP is made during both aerobic and anaerobic respiration relevant to ALL biological Domains

  • depens on electron transport chains imbedded in an intact plasma- (cytoplasmic) or mitochondrial-membrane

  • explains "photophosphorylation" during the light reactions of phoosynthesis

  • won the Nobel Prize for Peter Mitchell

  • all of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 79 of 81

1

Which molecular regulatory mechanism(s) allow a bacterium to "decide" whether to use a "preferred" carbon substrate or not?

Select one or more of the following:

  • catabolite repression

  • repression/corepression

  • inducible operons

  • attenuation

Explanation

Question 80 of 81

1

Mutation has been defined as...

Select one or more of the following:

  • a stable, heritable change in the DNA sequence of bases

  • a "genetic change that breeds true"

  • changes in the phenotype of an organism

Explanation

Question 81 of 81

1

Which is the correct sequence (in direction of transcription) of genes and regulatory sites in the Lac operon?

Select one of the following:

  • I-O-P-Z-Y-A

  • I-P-Z-Y-A

  • P-O-LEADER-E-D-C-B-A

  • Z-Y-A-P-O-I

  • LEADER-E-D-C-B-A-P-O

Explanation

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