The term “fourth vital sign” refers to:

Aversive sensory and emotional experience that elicits protective motor actions, results in learned avoidance, and may modify species-specific behavior traits, including social behavior, is best known as:

Known as “ouch” pain, which of the following protective sensations of pain occurs when there is a possibility of or actual tissue injury?

Chemical mediators, such as prostaglandin and histamine, are responsible for:

Pain originating from the musculoskeletal system is best described as:

A common class of drugs utilized to treat and target specific receptors in the pain pathway includes:

The concept of utilization of pain management therapies to target two or more receptors is:

Of the following, which is not typically associated with neuroendocrine changes that occur in response to pain?

The use of preemptive analgesia is likely to:

The differentiating factor(s) between emergence delirium and pain is(are):

Patients that are suffering from pain are likely to experience noticeable alterations in their:

Patients that have undergone major surgery should have their pain assessed how frequently?:

Perioperative analgesia is the concurrent use of:

Of the following, which is not an anticipated benefit of multimodal analgesic therapy?

Opioid agonist drugs act in which of the following ways?

A patient requires the selection of an opioid with the most potent analgesic effects. Which of the following would most accurately fit this criteria?

Caution should be taken with rapid intravenous injection of morphine in canine patients due to the potential for:

The most common adverse side effect secondary to morphine administration is likely to be:

This paradoxical response in canine patients after the administration of oxymorphone can make which of the following procedures difficult?

The drug that is most similar to oxymorphone in duration and effect is:

Of the synthetic opioids, which is known to also act as an antagonist at the NMDA receptor?

In contrast to other pure opioid agonists, the duration of action achieved with intravenous fentanyl administration is:

The synthetic opioid pethidine is also more commonly known as:

Due to the pH of the feline mucosa, which injectable narcotic can be administered orally for analgesia?

General duration of action for buprenorphine following intramuscular injection is thought to be:

The first use of butorphanol in veterinary medicine was to act as a(n):

Use of butorphanol in which of the following routes can potentially lead to a toxicity?

Butorphanol can be used as an antagonist to partially reverse respiratory depression/sedation secondary to the use of:

In the United States, which of the following is the only injectable opioid that is not classified as a controlled drug?

Patients considered “high risk” for use with opioids include all of the following except:

The use of morphine administered through an epidural route is most likely to illicit which adverse effect?

When considering transdermal use of fentanyl in feline patients, application should take place at least how many hours prior to the start of the procedure?

Which opioid should not be administered concurrently with the use of transdermal fentanyl due to risk of partial blockage of opioid receptors and reduced analgesic effect?

The NSAID that acts as a potent analgesic for both somatic and visceral pain is:

Clinical effects of NSAIDs are due to their inhibition of what chemical synthesis within the body?

Which of the following systems is not responsible for the elimination and metabolism of NSAIDs?

Most NSAIDs prevent pain and inflammation by inactivating which enzyme?

All of the following aspects about the COX-2 isoenzyme are true except:

The use of NSAIDs that results in renal toxicity is most likely due to the blockage of:

The use of NSAIDs is considered “high risk” in all of the following conditions except:

Opioids are effective in the nociceptive pathway in all areas except:

Local anesthetics are effective in the nociceptive pathway in all areas except:

Corticosteroids are ineffective in the nociceptive pathway in all areas except:

In order to properly administer tramadol it must be given:

Absence of pain sensation is best known as:

During nociception all of the following occurs except:

The concurrent use of NSAIDs and corticosteroids is contraindicated due to which adverse side effect?

Nonpharmacologic analgesic therapies that can be used to manage both acute and chronic pain include:

Perception of pain takes place in the:

Transmission of pain takes place in the:

Modulation of pain takes place in the: