The logical framework: Label as appropriate.
“If I randomly sample limpets on each type of surface I expect that the average vertical size will be less than the average horizontal size.” …is an example of:
A hypothesis
A prediction
An observation
A conspiracy!!
❌: Long tail streamers seen in many species of bird have evolved to make males more attractive to females. ❌: Males with longer tails will get more matings than males with short tails: