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Antimicrobial Agents and Resistance

Antimicrobial Agents and Resistance

Question 1 of 18

1

Penicillin is in which class of antibiotics?

Select one of the following:

  • B-lactams

  • Glycopeptides

  • Mannopeptimycins

  • Lantibiotics

Explanation

Question 2 of 18

1

How have antibiotic developers overcome bacteria that resist B-lactams by preventing them from entering the cell?

Select one of the following:

  • Produce membrane pores

  • Conjugate the B-lactam with a membrane transporter

  • Conjugate the B-lactam with a siderophore

Explanation

Question 3 of 18

1

In which decade was the first glycopeptide discovered?

Select one of the following:

  • 1950's

  • 1940's

  • 1960's

  • 1970's

Explanation

Question 4 of 18

1

Which drug was easier for microbes to develop resistance towards?

Select one of the following:

  • B-lactams

  • Vancomycin

Explanation

Question 5 of 18

1

Are Mur enzyme inhibitors bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

Select one of the following:

  • Bacteriocidal

  • Bacteriostatic

Explanation

Question 6 of 18

1

Reverse transcriptase has poor proofreading activity. What is a consequence of this?

Select one of the following:

  • Mutations do not occur as often

  • The viral genome is more likely to integrate permanently into the host genome

  • Mutations arise quickly and could cause antiviral resistance

  • The host cell genomic machinery is hijacked and loses proofreading ability

Explanation

Question 7 of 18

1

A patient has unprotected sex with someone who is HIV-positive and soon tests positive for HIV. You prescribe AZT and Nelfinavir in combination therapy.

The viral load continues to increase rather than decrease. Based merely on this information, what do you think has occurred?

Select one of the following:

  • The HIV has mutated to be resistant to AZT and Nelfinavir in your patient

  • Drug-resistant HIV was transmitted to your patient

Explanation

Question 8 of 18

1

A patient has unprotected sex with someone who is HIV-positive and soon tests positive for HIV. You prescribe AZT and Nelfinavir in combination therapy.

Your clinical microbiologist tests your patient’s HIV strain and find that it is currently not resistant to the drugs you have prescribed. Rather, your patient was not taking every dose of the antiviral cocktail. What should you, the doctor, do?

Select one of the following:

  • Tell the patient to begin taking the original drugs as prescribed

  • Change the prescription in case some viruses have gained mutations that make them resistant to the current drugs

  • Order another drug resistance test in a few weeks

  • Both a and c

  • Both b and c

Explanation

Question 9 of 18

1

Doxycycline is an Tetracycline antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, such as those causing acne, urinary tract infections, eye infections, and gum disease. However, it is imperative that children and pregnant or nursing mothers do not take this drug, as it can cause permanent yellowing/greying of teeth in babies and children.

The tooth discoloration is due to the fact that Tetracyclines can chelate (bind and sequester) the calcium ions needed for normal adult tooth development. Other than calcium, what do Tetracyclines bind to?

Select one of the following:

  • 50S ribosomal subunit

  • 30S ribosomal subunit

  • Dihydropteroate synthase

  • DNA helicase

  • RNA polymerase

Explanation

Question 10 of 18

1

Doxycycline is an Tetracycline antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, such as those causing acne, urinary tract infections, eye infections, and gum disease. However, it is imperative that children and pregnant or nursing mothers do not take this drug, as it can cause permanent yellowing/greying of teeth in babies and children.

A pregnant mother has a urinary tract infection. What antibiotic has the same mode of action as Doxycycline but wouldn’t cause the tooth discoloration in her child?

Select one of the following:

  • Penicillin

  • Vancomycin

  • Chloramphenicol

  • Quinolone

  • Aminoglycoside

Explanation

Question 11 of 18

1

Rabies virus has a negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome. It is a neurotropic virus that spreads through saliva.

There is a drug called Favipiravir that is being tested for use against Rabies. What do you think is the mode of action of Favipiravir?

Select one of the following:

  • Halt DNA synthesis

  • Halt RNA synthesis

  • Prevent integration into host genome

  • Inhibit reverse transcriptase

Explanation

Question 12 of 18

1

You have a chronic athlete’s foot infection. Which antifungal cream would be the best choice?

Select one of the following:

  • Itraconazole

  • Clotrimazole

  • Griseofulvin

  • Nystatin

  • Amphotericin B

Explanation

Question 13 of 18

1

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxaxole is used to treat Shigellosis. What is the mode of action of this Sulfonamide?

Select one of the following:

  • Inhibit translation

  • Inhibit nucleotide synthesis

  • Inhibit cell wall biosynthesis

  • Inhibit bacterial adherence to host cell

Explanation

Question 14 of 18

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

refers to the ability of an antimicrobial drug to harm the target microbe without harming the host?

Explanation

Question 15 of 18

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

In the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test, the of the zone of inhibition is measured and used for interpretation.

Explanation

Question 16 of 18

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

A scientist discovers that a soil bacterium she has been studying produces an antimicrobial that kills gram-negative bacteria. She isolates and purifies the antimicrobial compound, then chemically converts a chemical side chain to a hydroxyl group. When she tests the antimicrobial properties of this new version, she finds that this antimicrobial drug can now also kill gram-positive bacteria. The new antimicrobial drug with broad-spectrum activity is considered to be .

Explanation

Question 17 of 18

1

Which clinical situation would be appropriate for treatment with a narrow-spectrum antimicrobial drug?

Select one of the following:

  • treatment of a polymicrobic mixed infection in the intestine

  • prophylaxis against infection after a surgical procedure

  • treatment of strep throat caused by culture identified Streptococcus pyogenes

  • empiric therapy of pneumonia while waiting for culture results

Explanation

Question 18 of 18

1

Narrow-spectrum antimicrobials are commonly used for prophylaxis following surgery.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

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