Development

Question 1 of 63

1

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The three germ layers

Explanation

Question 2 of 63

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The neural buckles at its midline to form the neural which folds and forms the neural .

Explanation

Question 3 of 63

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Folding of the neural plate. Name the two hinge points

Explanation

Question 4 of 63

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The neural tube lies over the .

Explanation

Question 5 of 63

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Proencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Mesencephalon (five-vesicle stage)

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

Explanation

Question 6 of 63

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Secondary neurolation refers to the development of ( posterior, anterior ) parts. Tubes from both primary and secondary neurulation ( eventually connect, remain separated ).

Explanation

Question 7 of 63

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BMP:
FGF:

Explanation

Question 8 of 63

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BMP4 signal induces ( epidermal, neural ) differentiation.
( Inhibition, Expression ) of BMP is necessary to allow neural development.

These processes are combined with signalling from ( FGF, G-proteins ).

Explanation

Question 9 of 63

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Sonic hedgehog is secreted by the ( notochord, ectoderm ) and the ( floor, roof ) plate.

Explanation

Question 10 of 63

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Signals from the notochord induce the ❌ which induces ❌ neurons.

Signals from ectoderm induce the ❌ which induces ❌ neurons.

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floor plate

roof plate

ventral

dorsal

rostral

caudal

Explanation

Question 11 of 63

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Differences in the concentration of sonic hedgehog (a single protein) can determine the fate of multiple neuronal classes in the ( ventral, dorsal, caudal, rostral ) part of the neural tube.

In a first step a ventral-to-dorsal Shh gradient ( activates and represses, activates, represses ) different transcription factors.
These ( repress, enhance ) each other's expression to confer cell identity to progenitor cells unambiguously.

Five cardinal progenitor domains are established:
Four types of ( interneurons, sensory neurons ) (V0 - V3) and ( motor neurons, sensory neurons ).

Explanation

Question 12 of 63

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The dorsal neural tube is patterned by ( BMP, FGF, Shh ) and dorsalin.

Explanation

Question 13 of 63

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Inhibition of activity is required for the formation of rostral CNS structure, such as the forebrain.

This is done via .

Explanation

Question 14 of 63

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Which transcription factors are expressed at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary?
Top of the picture is anterior (rostral).

Explanation

Question 15 of 63

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Inductive influences

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BMP

Wnt

Shh

FGF8

FGF4

Explanation

Question 16 of 63

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Overexpression of Gbx2 shifts the midbrain-hindbrain boundary ( anteriorly, posteriorly ).

Explanation

Question 17 of 63

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Cells form the zona limitans intrathalamica secrete ( Shh, BMP, Wnt, FGF ) which gives rise to the nuclei of the thalamus.

Explanation

Question 18 of 63

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The functional and morphological segments of the hindbrain are called . There are of them (write digit).

Explanation

Question 19 of 63

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The major class of genes that specifies motor neuron subtypes in the hindbrain is the gene family.

Their transcription is incuded or repressed by a gradient of acid.

Explanation

Question 20 of 63

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( Neural progenitors, Stem cells, Neurons, Glia cells ) can divide symmetrically to two differentiated cells or two more progenitor cells.

Or they can divide asymmetrically to one differentiated cell and one progenitor cell.

Explanation

Question 21 of 63

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Delta: ❌
Notch: ❌

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Ligand

Receptor

Explanation

Question 22 of 63

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Neurogenesis is the process by which a multitude of ( postmitotic, premitotic ) neurons are generated from ( relatitvely few, a large number of ) neural stem cells / progenitors in the neural ( epithelium, ectoderm, endoderm ).

Neural stem cells are self-renewing and ( multipotent, unipotent ).

Explanation

Question 23 of 63

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Neurogenesis needs to balance the of more stem cells and the commitment to into neurons or glia cells.

Explanation

Question 24 of 63

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Neuroblast ---❌---> ❌ and ❌ ---❌---> ❌

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asymmetric

symmetric

One neuroblast

Two neuroblasts

one Ganglion Mother Cell

two Ganglion Mother Cells

No neuroblast

Two neurons/glia cells or one each

Two neurons

One neuron and one glia cell

One neuron and one GMC

asymmetric or symmetric

Explanation

Question 25 of 63

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Proneural genes give each cell in a group (proneural ( cluster, group, array )) ( the same, a different ) competence to become a proneuroblast.

( Lateral, Forward ) inhibition by delta-notch and a ( basic helix-loop-helix, basic loop-helix-loop ) transcriptional cascade:

More Delta in one cell ( enhances, reduces ) transcription of suppressor of hairless.
Suppressor of hairless ( increases, decreases ) transcription of enhancer of split.
Enhancer of split ( represses, enhances ) achaete-scute.
Achaete-scute would increases expression of Delta but now does not.
Therefore no Notch signalling in the original cell.

Explanation

Question 26 of 63

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Proneural genes...

Select one or more of the following:

control the cell cycle exit.
control neuronal differentiation.
contribute to specification of different neuronal subtypes.
suppress alternate glia fates.

Explanation

Question 27 of 63

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In ❌, the neurogenic pathway specifies neuroblasts, in ❌ neurons are directly specified

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insects

vertebrates

Explanation

Question 28 of 63

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Neuron production in the neural tube is related to changes in division pattern over time: symmetric versus asymmetric divisions.

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Symmetric proliferation

Asymmetric generation

Symmetric generation

Explanation

Question 29 of 63

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In the neural tube:

❌ stem cells at the ❌ ❌.
❌ cells at the ❌ ❌.

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Apical

Basal

proliferate

differentiate

ventricle

pia

Explanation

Question 30 of 63

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One important mechanism in the asymmetric divison of neuroblasts is the distribution of the protein which suppresses Notch signalling.
After cell division only the (GMC or neuroblast) will contain .

Explanation

Question 31 of 63

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Neurogenesis:

1) of the striatum. The neuroblasts migrate to the via the .

2) of the hippocampus. Controversial in adult humans.

Explanation

Question 32 of 63

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In the subventricular zone ( stem cell niche cells, transcription factors, basic helix-loop-helix cascades ) regulate whether stem cells proliferate or divide ( asymmetrically, symmetrically ) (with one differentiating daughter cell) .

This mechanism is regulated by ( signals from the blood vessels, transcription factors, basic helix-loop-helix cascades ).

Explanation

Question 33 of 63

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Characteristics that have to be specified during cell development

Select one or more of the following:

Morphology of soma, dendrites, axon
Neurotransmitter phenotype
Receptor phenotype
Axonal projection phenotype
Electrical phenotype

Explanation

Question 34 of 63

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Regional complexity of different neurons is achieved by

Select one of the following:

local patterning.
local patterning followed by radial and tangential migration of precursors.
radial and tangential migration routes.
local patterning followed by radial migration of precursors.

Explanation

Question 35 of 63

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The growth cone is

Select one or more of the following:

a sensory structure that receives directional cues from its environment.
a motor structure whose activity drives axon elongation.

Explanation

Question 36 of 63

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The three main domains of the growth cone

Explanation

Question 37 of 63

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Filopodia

Select one or more of the following:

are highly motile.
can only sense the environment close to the growth cone.
contain actin filaments.

Explanation

Question 38 of 63

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Filopodia sense long-range cues ❌ and short-range cues ❌.

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chemically

through contact

Explanation

Question 39 of 63

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The reaction of filopodia to intracellular regulatory proteins (attraction or repulsion)

Select one or more of the following:

Attraction/repulsion can be different for one regulatory protein depending on the receptor
type in the filopodia.
Attraction/repulsion can be different for one regulatory protein whether the filopodia are located on axons and on dendrites.
Attraction/repulsion is always the same for one type of regulatory protein.
Different regulatory proteins are responsible for the growth of axons and dendrites.

Explanation

Question 40 of 63

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A good example for intracellular regulatory proteins that guide the growth of axons and can be both attracting and repelling are ( Netrins, Semaphorins, Ephrins, Cadherins ).

They occur in particular at the ( floor plate, roof plate ) of the neural tube and filopodia can have different receptors for them.

Explanation

Question 41 of 63

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Retinal ganglion axons from the posterior (temporal) hemiretina project into the ❌ developing tectum. Conversely, axons from the anterior (nasal) hemiretina project into the ❌ tectum.

Axons from explants of posterior retina row ❌ ❌ while axons from anterior retina grow ❌ ❌.

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only on fragments

from anterior tectal membrane

from posterior tectal membrane

anterior and posterior tectal membrane

on both

Explanation

Question 42 of 63

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Gradients of ( Eph, Ephrin, Netrin, Net ) receptors and ( Ephrin, Eph, Netrin, Net ) ligands are responsible for the retinotopic organization of the tectum.

Their cues are ( inhibitory / repelling, excitatory / attracting ).

Explanation

Question 43 of 63

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Every vertebrate brain has the same regions and only the nuclei are different.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 44 of 63

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The CNS forms from cells located on the dorsal side of the cap of the embryo.

Explanation

Question 45 of 63

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Three BMP inhibitors (alphabetic):

Explanation

Question 46 of 63

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For neural induction a combination of and signalling is needed.

The inhibition of leads to a loss of inhibition of expression and signalling induces expression.
Zic1 and Zic3 are transcription factors.

Explanation

Question 47 of 63

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In secondary neurolation the cord condenses and later forms cavities. These cavities merge to a single tube.

Explanation

Question 48 of 63

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In normal development is seen in the neural plate while is seen on the epidermis.

Explanation

Question 49 of 63

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Failure of the closure of the neural tube can lead to or (alphabetic).

Explanation

Question 50 of 63

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Sensory neurons are formed from cells.

Explanation

Question 51 of 63

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The Shh pathway:

Shh ( inhibits, induces ) ( patched, smoothened ) protein which ( inhibits, induces ) ( smoothened, patched ) protein which ( induces, inhibits ) Gli/Ci ( activators, repressors ).

With Shh there are Gli/Ci ( activators, repressors ) and without Shh there are Gli/Ci ( repressors, activators ).

Explanation

Question 52 of 63

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The ( archenteron, blastocoel, blastopore lip ) roof is responsible for ( anterior, posterior ) patterns.
If it is transplanted to different locations of the early gastrula ( two heads emerge, more motor neurons emerge, two tails emerge ).

Explanation

Question 53 of 63

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One receptor for Wnt is .
Wnt is inhibited by .

Explanation

Question 54 of 63

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The forebrain is patterned by ( absence, existence ) of Wnt activity.
( Increasing, Decreasing ) Wnt concentration specifies more caudal CNS domains.

Explanation

Question 55 of 63

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Rotation of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary induces an additional and the development of duplicate structures.

Explanation

Question 56 of 63

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The midbrain-hindbrain boundary

Select one or more of the following:

patterns the midbrain
patterns the anterior hindbrain
patterns the anterior forebrain
controls neuronal differentiation
controls proliferation
controls morphogenesis
establishes polarity in the tectum
establishes polarity in the tegmentum
helps with axon guidance of the retinotectal projection

Explanation

Question 57 of 63

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Retinoic acid is responsible for the expression of ( Hox, Cre, Otx, Gbx ) genes and ( posterior, anterior, dorsal, ventral ) patterning. Its concentration increases from ( anterior to posterior, posterior to anterior ).

Explanation

Question 58 of 63

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A lack of Notch activity would lead to ( more, less ) neurons.

Explanation

Question 59 of 63

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Stem cells proliferate at the , differentiate a bit more basal and eventually migrate to the layer.

Explanation

Question 60 of 63

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Stem cells are proliferating ( very slowly, very fast ) while progenitors proliferate ( much faster, much slower ).

Explanation

Question 61 of 63

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act as transport pathways for cargo to the central core of the growth cone.

Explanation

Question 62 of 63

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Three regional organizes (from anterior to posterior):

(ANB)
(ZLI)
(MHB)

Explanation

Question 63 of 63

1

	Created by Lukas Paulun almost 6 years ago

Master Neuroscience (From Membrane to Brain [Lecture]) Quiz on Development, created by Lukas Paulun on 27/12/2018.

Development

Question 1 of 63

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

The three germ layers

Explanation

Question 2 of 63

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The neural buckles at its midline to form the neural which folds and forms the neural .

Explanation

Question 3 of 63

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

Folding of the neural plate. Name the two hinge points

Explanation

Question 4 of 63

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The neural tube lies over the .

Explanation

Question 5 of 63

Drag and drop

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Explanation

Question 6 of 63

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Secondary neurolation refers to the development of posterior anterior( posterior, anterior ) parts. Tubes from both primary and secondary neurulation eventually connect remain separated( eventually connect, remain separated ).

Explanation

Question 7 of 63

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

BMP: FGF:

Explanation

Question 8 of 63

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

BMP4 signal induces epidermal neural( epidermal, neural ) differentiation. Inhibition Expression( Inhibition, Expression ) of BMP is necessary to allow neural development. These processes are combined with signalling from FGF G-proteins( FGF, G-proteins ).

Explanation

Question 9 of 63

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Sonic hedgehog is secreted by the notochord ectoderm( notochord, ectoderm ) and the floor roof( floor, roof ) plate.

Explanation

Question 10 of 63

Signals from the notochord induce the ❌ which induces ❌ neurons. Signals from ectoderm induce the ❌ which induces ❌ neurons.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 11 of 63

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Explanation

Question 12 of 63

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The dorsal neural tube is patterned by BMP FGF Shh( BMP, FGF, Shh ) and dorsalin.

Explanation

Question 13 of 63

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Inhibition of activity is required for the formation of rostral CNS structure, such as the forebrain. This is done via .

Explanation

Question 14 of 63

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

Which transcription factors are expressed at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary? Top of the picture is anterior (rostral).

Explanation

Question 15 of 63

Inductive influences

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Explanation

Question 16 of 63

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Overexpression of Gbx2 shifts the midbrain-hindbrain boundary anteriorly posteriorly( anteriorly, posteriorly ).

Explanation

Question 17 of 63

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Cells form the zona limitans intrathalamica secrete Shh BMP Wnt FGF( Shh, BMP, Wnt, FGF ) which gives rise to the nuclei of the thalamus.

Explanation

Question 18 of 63

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The functional and morphological segments of the hindbrain are called . There are of them (write digit).

Explanation

Question 19 of 63

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The major class of genes that specifies motor neuron subtypes in the hindbrain is the gene family. Their transcription is incuded or repressed by a gradient of acid.

Explanation

Question 20 of 63

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Neural progenitors Stem cells Neurons Glia cells( Neural progenitors, Stem cells, Neurons, Glia cells ) can divide symmetrically to two differentiated cells or two more progenitor cells. Or they can divide asymmetrically to one differentiated cell and one progenitor cell.

Secondary neurolation refers to the development of ( posterior, anterior ) parts. Tubes from both primary and secondary neurulation ( eventually connect, remain separated ).

BMP:
FGF:

BMP4 signal induces ( epidermal, neural ) differentiation.
( Inhibition, Expression ) of BMP is necessary to allow neural development.

These processes are combined with signalling from ( FGF, G-proteins ).

Sonic hedgehog is secreted by the ( notochord, ectoderm ) and the ( floor, roof ) plate.

Signals from the notochord induce the ❌ which induces ❌ neurons.

Signals from ectoderm induce the ❌ which induces ❌ neurons.

The dorsal neural tube is patterned by ( BMP, FGF, Shh ) and dorsalin.

Inhibition of activity is required for the formation of rostral CNS structure, such as the forebrain.

This is done via .

Which transcription factors are expressed at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary?
Top of the picture is anterior (rostral).

Overexpression of Gbx2 shifts the midbrain-hindbrain boundary ( anteriorly, posteriorly ).

Cells form the zona limitans intrathalamica secrete ( Shh, BMP, Wnt, FGF ) which gives rise to the nuclei of the thalamus.

The major class of genes that specifies motor neuron subtypes in the hindbrain is the gene family.

Their transcription is incuded or repressed by a gradient of acid.

( Neural progenitors, Stem cells, Neurons, Glia cells ) can divide symmetrically to two differentiated cells or two more progenitor cells.

Or they can divide asymmetrically to one differentiated cell and one progenitor cell.

Delta: ❌
Notch: ❌

In the neural tube:

❌ stem cells at the ❌ ❌.
❌ cells at the ❌ ❌.

One important mechanism in the asymmetric divison of neuroblasts is the distribution of the protein which suppresses Notch signalling.
After cell division only the (GMC or neuroblast) will contain .

Neurogenesis:

1) of the striatum. The neuroblasts migrate to the via the .

2) of the hippocampus. Controversial in adult humans.