mohammed jameel
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Unit 5. Histogenesis, Morphology and Physiology of Dental Pulp Unit 6: Histogenesis, Morphology and Physiology of Tooth Cementum Unit 7: Histogenesis, Morphology and Physiology of Periodontal Ligament Unit 8: Histogenesis, Morphology and Physiology of Oral Mucosa and Periodontium Unit 9: Dynamics of Primary and Permanent Dentition Development-Stages and Terms Unit 10: Dental Anatomy and Physiology - Characteristics of Primary and Permanent Dentition

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mohammed jameel
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Paediatric Dentistry PMU-Part 2 (units 5-9)

Question 1 of 191

1

Dental Pulp is a loose connective tissue that occupies a space called cavum pulp.

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 2 of 191

1

The walls of canalis radicis dentis becomes thinner due to a dentin deposition

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 3 of 191

1

The dental pulp of the primary teeth begins to develop during the second month of embryonic life from papilla dentis

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 4 of 191

1

Pulp is a specialized epithelial tissue

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 5 of 191

1

Zone of Weil contains Odontoblasts

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 6 of 191

1

Dental Pulp is composed of Procollagen and Collagen fibres

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 7 of 191

1

The fibroblasts of Dental Papilla are responsible for the secretion of Procollagen, Collagen and Glucosaminoglycans

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 8 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Dental Pulp is divided into 2 parts:
a/
b/

Explanation

Question 9 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The cellular elements of Pulp are
a/
b/

Explanation

Question 10 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The four distinct zones of pulp are:
1/
2/
a/
b/
3/

Explanation

Question 11 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The four functions of Dental Pulp are:
a/
b/
c/
d/

Explanation

Question 12 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The three periods in the life of pulp are:
a/
b/
c/

Explanation

Question 13 of 191

1

Pulp is surrounded by:

Select one of the following:

  • Enamel

  • Cementum

  • Dentin

Explanation

Question 14 of 191

1

Pulp is formed from the:

Select one of the following:

  • Dental Follicle

  • Dental Papilla

  • Enamel Organ

Explanation

Question 15 of 191

1

The statements about odontoblasts that are correct are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • They are composed of Cross striated fibres

  • They are first observed as elongated cells, then the cells become pear shaped

  • Their long protoplasmic processes extend into the dentin

  • They are undifferentiated cells

  • The nucleus is located in the basal portion of the cell

Explanation

Question 16 of 191

1

The statements about fibroblasts in Dental Pulp that are correct are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. They are star shaped cells

  • b. They are elongated spindle cells with a large oval nucleus

  • c. There is a large number of vacuoles in the cytoplasm

  • d. They have numerous cytoplasmic processes

Explanation

Question 17 of 191

1

Read the Text. Which are the described cells?
The large number of these cells is an indicator of cellular disintegration. They directly participate in the protective function of pulp. They have the ability to produce biologically active substances/serotinin,heparin/

Select one of the following:

  • a. Odontoblasts

  • b. Fibroblasts

  • c. Histiocytes

  • d. Mastocytes

  • e. Blood cells

Explanation

Question 18 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The theories of dental pain transmission through dentin are:
a/
b/
c/

Explanation

Question 19 of 191

1

The right combination of statements about collagen fibres is
1. They are cross striated fibres
2. The collagen fibrils are made of many individual collagen molecules/Proline, hydroxypoline,Glycine/
3. They form the peripheral boundary of Dental pulp
4. They are gathered in clusters around the blood vessels

Select one of the following:

  • A/ 1,2,3

  • B/ 2,3,4

  • C/ 1,2,4

  • D/ 1,3,4

Explanation

Question 20 of 191

1

The Subodontoblastic pulp layer includes:
1. Odontoblasts
2. Cell-Free Zone
3. Fibroblasts and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
4. They are gathered in clusters around the blood vessels

Select one of the following:

  • A/ 1,2

  • B/ 1,3

  • C/ 2,3

  • D/ 2,4

Explanation

Question 21 of 191

1

The pulp core contains:
1. Odontoblasts
2. Zone of Weil
3. Intercellular substance
4. Fibroblasts, defence cells, blood vessels and Nerves

Select one of the following:

  • A/ 1,2

  • B/ 3,4

  • C/ 2,4

  • D/ 1,3

Explanation

Question 22 of 191

1

The right combination of statements about odontoblasts is:
1. These cells are found through the pulp core
2. They are specialised and differentiated cells
3. They form the peripheral boundary of dental pulp
4. They are star-shaped cells
5. They are first observed as elongated cells, then the cells become pear shaped

Select one of the following:

  • A/ 1,2,3

  • B/ 2,3,5

  • C/ 2,3,4

  • D/ 1,2,5

Explanation

Question 23 of 191

1

Which of the following statements are correct? Write down the answer with 'YES' or 'NO'
(Just identify the Correct 'YES' Statements)

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. The ground substance of pulp is composed of glycosaminoglycans, mucopolysaccharides, electrolytes and water

  • b. Enamel and Dentin act as a permeable membrane in the ion exchange of the tooth, providing a permanent fluid between the oral liquid and dental pulp

  • c. There are no changes in the chemical composition of the pulp ground substance during the different stages in its life

  • d. Myelinated nerve fibres form the subodontoblastic plexus of Raschkow

  • e. The pores of the fenestrated capillaries permit a rapid exchange of water and solutes

  • f. The pulp chambers in adults teeth are much larger than in children

  • g. During the process of root resorption the pulp of the primary teeth is in functional stage

  • h. There are no elastic fibers in pulp except those present in the walls of the larger blood vessels

Explanation

Question 24 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Match the items from the first column that best relate to the items listed in the second column:
A. Odontoblasts -
B. Fibroblasts -
C. Histiocytes -

1- Poorly differentiated cells with irregular shape
2. Well differentiated and specialised cells
3- Defense cells
4. Elongated, fusiform cells with a large nucleus
5. Formative cells of Dental Pulp
6. There is a large number of vacuoles in the cytoplasm
7. Their long protoplasmic processes extend into the dentin
8. They are embedded in the intercellular substance
9. They have many cytoplasmic processes
10. They are located in the periphery of pulp

Explanation

Question 25 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Match the items from the first column that best relate to the items listed in the second column:
A. Reticulin fibrers -
B. Collagen Fibers -

1. Immature collagenous fibers
2. Mature fibers in connective tissue
3. Cross striated fibres
4. Argyrophilic Fibers

Explanation

Question 26 of 191

1

The features of dental pulp of newly erupted teeth:
1. Large pulp chamber
2. A small number of cells and a small amount of liquids
3. Low pulp potential to provide nutritive and protective function
4. High pulp potential to provide nutritive and protective function
5. High pulp potential to provide formative, sensory and reparative function
6. Large amounts of collagen fibres
7. Small amounts of collagen fibres
8. Large numbers of undifferentiated cells

Select one of the following:

  • A/ 1,2,3,5,6,7

  • B/ 1,4,5,7,8

  • C/ 1,2,4,5,8

  • D/ 1,2,5,6,8

Explanation

Question 27 of 191

1

Cementum is mesodermal in origin

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 28 of 191

1

Cementum is developed from the inner layer of the fully formed saculus dentis

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 29 of 191

1

Cementum is a Vascular tissue.

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 30 of 191

1

The structural units of cementum are cells, fibers and intercellular substance

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 31 of 191

1

Cementum is continuously formed throughout a persons entire life

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 32 of 191

1

Cementum is the least mineralised of the calcified dental tissues

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 33 of 191

1

The cellular cementum covers the dentin of the whole root surface

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 34 of 191

1

Precementum is an unmineralised matrix of cementum

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 35 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Two types of cells are functionally concerned with cementum
a/
b/

Explanation

Question 36 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The two types of cementum forms are
a/
b/

Explanation

Question 37 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Cementum is composed of two types of matrix fibers:
a/
b/

Explanation

Question 38 of 191

1

The cells responsible for cementogenesis are:

Select one of the following:

  • Odontoblasts

  • Cementoblasts

  • ameoblasts

  • osteoblasts

Explanation

Question 39 of 191

1

The most accurate and detailed description of cementum is:

Select one of the following:

  • Cementum is a hard dental tissue

  • Cementum is formed during the development of tooth root

  • It is a specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth

  • It is a hard dental tissue that covers the root of a tooth and is formed together with its development

Explanation

Question 40 of 191

1

Read the text. Which are the described cells?
Cells, with reduced secretory activity, are incorporated into cementum and lie in spaces known as lacunae, where as their protoplasmic processes extend in small canaliculi

Select one of the following:

  • Cementoblasts

  • Mesenchymal cells

  • Cementocytes

  • Histiocytes

Explanation

Question 41 of 191

1

The corkscrew fibers that pass between odontoblasts and reach predentin are called:

Select one of the following:

  • Sharpey's fibers

  • Periodontal ligament

  • Matrix fibers

  • Korffs Fibers

Explanation

Question 42 of 191

1

Cementum is formed:

Select one of the following:

  • during the ontogenetic development of the tooth germ

  • after the tooth eruption

  • continuously throughout a person's entire life

  • a+b+b

Explanation

Question 43 of 191

1

Cementocytes are:

Select one of the following:

  • Cells rich in acid mucopolysaccharides

  • Cells that lie in spaces known as lacunae

  • Cells that show a gradual decrease in the size of the cell, nucleus and cytoplasm with ageing

  • Cells with reduced secretory activity

  • a+b+c+d

Explanation

Question 44 of 191

1

The statements about the acellular cementum that are correct are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • It is called primary cementum and is mainly found on cervical and middle root portions

  • It is an outermost layer

  • Regeneration of cementum is possible

  • Regeneration of cementum is not posssible

Explanation

Question 45 of 191

1

The features of cementum associated with childhood are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • increase of cementum thickness

  • reduction in cementum thickness

  • lowly mineralised cementum

  • a large amount of cellular cementum is found on the tooth root

Explanation

Question 46 of 191

1

The right combination of statements about cementum is :

1. Cementum is a hard dental tissue
2. It covers the crown of the tooth
3. It covers the root of the tooth
4. It is a lose connective tissue
5. The compositions of cementum and mature bone are similar but cementum is an avascular mineralised tissue

Select one of the following:

  • A/ 1,2,3

  • B/ 2,4,5

  • C/ 1,3,5

  • D/ 3,4,5

Explanation

Question 47 of 191

1

The right combination of statements about cementoblasts is:

1. They are star-shaped cells with long protoplasmic processes
2. They are tall and cylindrical cells
3. They are cells with a minimal amount of cytoplasm
4. There is a large amount of RNA-granules and mitochondria, well-developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
5. They are responsible for the synthesis of collagen and polysaccharide complexes

Select one of the following:

  • A/ 1,2,3

  • B/ 1,4,5

  • C/ 1,3,4

  • D/ 3,4,5

Explanation

Question 48 of 191

1

The right combination of statements about the cellular cementum is:

1. It is an outermost layer that contains a large number of cells
2. It is an innermost layer that covers dentin
3. It is contiguous with periodontal ligament on its outer surface
4. The cells undergo degeneration and ossification
5. Regeneration of cementum is possible
6. Regeneration of cementum is not possible

Select one of the following:

  • A/ 1,3,6

  • B/ 1,3,5

  • C/ 2,4,6

  • D/ 3,4,5

Explanation

Question 49 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Match the items form the first column that best relate to the items listed in the second column
Match the cells with their characteristics
A. Cementoblasts -
B. Cementocytes -

1. They are found on the surface of cementum
2. They are incorporated into cementum
3. They produce fibers and ground substance
4. Cells with reduced secretory activity
5. Cells with high secretory activity
6. Cells with a small amount of cytoplasm
7. Well differentiated cells and reduced secretory activity

Explanation

Question 50 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Match the fibers with their characteristics

A. Primarily extrinsic fibers/Sharpey's fibers/ -
B. Primarily intrinsic fibers -

1. They are arranged parallel to the root surface
2. They are arranged radially, crossing the cementum layer
3. They are fine-fibered
4. They are produced by periodontal ligament fibroblasts

Explanation

Question 51 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Which of the following statements are correct? Write down the answer with YES or NO

a. The permeability of cementum varies with the age and type of cementum --
b. The mineral content of cementum is 65% --
c. The acellular cementum occurs more frequently on the apical half of the root --
d. Fibroblasts are the formative cells of the acellular cementum --

Explanation

Question 52 of 191

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The functions of Sharpey's and Korff fibers are:
a/ Sharpey's fibers -- are the terminal end of principle fibers/of periodontal ligament/that insert into cementum and into the periosteum of the alveolar bone
b/ Korff's Fibers -- Pass between odontoblasts, reach Predentin and form the Dental matrix

Explanation

Question 53 of 191

1

Periodontal ligament is a connective tissue structure, an integral part of Periodontium

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 54 of 191

1

Periodontal ligament attaches the tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone within which it sits and allows functional movement of the tooth.

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 55 of 191

1

Periodontal ligament is a connective tissue, located between dentin and dental pulp

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 56 of 191

1

Periodontal ligament consists of fibres, cells, ground substance, blood and lymphatic vessels, nerve fibres

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 57 of 191

1

The most important elements of periodontal ligament are the cells

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 58 of 191

1

Periodontal ligament receives its blood supply through branches of interalveolar vessels, branches of apical artery supplying the pulp and branches of gingival vessels entering a coronal direction.

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 59 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Periodontal ligament is made up of fibres that course between and of the tooth

Explanation

Question 60 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The cells of periodontal ligament are
a/
b/
c/
d/
e/
f/
g/
h/

Explanation

Question 61 of 191

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The sensory innervation of periodontal ligament is derived from branches of

Explanation

Question 62 of 191

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The sensory nerve branches of n.trigeminus entering periodontal ligament are derived from two sources
THE ANSWER IS BELOW
1. Some nerve bundles enter near the root apex and pass up through periodontal ligament
2. Others enter the middle and cervical portions of the ligament as finer branches through opening in the alveolar walls

Explanation

Question 63 of 191

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The major collagen type found in periodontal ligament is

Explanation

Question 64 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The narrowest portion of periodontal ligament is around while the ligament is widest in the

Explanation

Question 65 of 191

1

Periodontal ligament consists of

Select one or more of the following:

  • Fibers

  • Cells

  • Amorphous inorganic substance

  • Ground substance

Explanation

Question 66 of 191

1

Periodontal ligament fibroblasts are

Select one or more of the following:

  • Cylindrical cells

  • Spindle-shaped cells

  • Found in large numbers

  • Responsible for the synthesis of collagen

  • Sensory cells

Explanation

Question 67 of 191

1

The statements about the osteoblasts in periodontal ligament that are correct are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • They are the most numerous cell type in periodontal ligament

  • They are located on the alveolar bone surface

  • They are responsible for the bone formation

  • At certain times they produce secondary cementum

  • At certain times they are converted into osteoclasts

  • They are errant cells

Explanation

Question 68 of 191

1

It is suggested that cyst formation requires a proliferation of:

Select one of the following:

  • Fibroblasts in periodontal ligament

  • Cementoblasts in periodontal ligament

  • Histiocytes in periodontal ligament

  • Epithelial cell rests of Malassez in periodontal ligament

  • Osteoblasts in periodontal ligament

Explanation

Question 69 of 191

1

The statements about the ground substance of periodontal ligament that are correct are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • It is the environment that surrounds fibres, blood vessels, nerve fibres and cells

  • All components of periodontal ligament ground substance are presumed to be secreted by osteoblasts

  • It acts as a cushion for the displaced tooth

  • It is located on the cementum surface

  • It is responsible for the ion and water delivery and exchange

Explanation

Question 70 of 191

1

The features of periodontal ligament associated with childhood are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • Wide periodontal ligament space

  • Narrow periodontal ligament space

  • Large amounts of mature collagen fibers

  • Large amounts of fluid ground substance

  • Large number of cells, blood vessels and nerve fibers

Explanation

Question 71 of 191

1

The width of the periodontal space depends on the
1. degree of mineralization of dental hard tissues
2. Dentition
3. Child's age
4. Functional Stress

Select one of the following:

  • 1,2,3

  • 2,3,4

  • 1,4

  • 1,3

Explanation

Question 72 of 191

1

The right combination of statements about the dentoalveolar fiber group is:
1. The alveolar crest fibers pass over the crest of interdental septum and are embedded in the cervical part of the cementum
2. The horizontal fibers run from cementum to the bone with a perpendicular angle to the long axis of the tooth
3. The oblique fibers are the most numerous fibers in periodontal ligament, running from cementum in an oblique direction to insert into the bone coronally
4. The apical fibers radiate in a rather irregular manner from cementum to the bone at the apical region of the socket

Select one of the following:

  • 1,4

  • 2,3,4

  • 3,4

  • 1,2,3,4

Explanation

Question 73 of 191

1

Ligamentum circulate consists of:
1. Gingival ligament
2. Circumferential gingival fibers
3. Alveolar crest fibers
4. Sharpey's fibers

Select one of the following:

  • 1,2,3

  • 2,3,4

  • 3,4

  • 1,2,3,4

Explanation

Question 74 of 191

1

The right combination of statements about the blood supply of periodontal ligament is:
1. Periodontal ligament is poorly vascularised
2. Periodontal ligament is well vascularised
3. The pressure in the circulatory system is opposed by the hydrostatic pressure of the surrounding tissues
4. It contains numerous capillaries
5. The capillaries are few in number

Select one of the following:

  • 1,2,3,4

  • 2,3,4

  • 2,3,4,5

  • 3,4,5

Explanation

Question 75 of 191

1

The supportive function of periodontal ligament is achieved by the:
1. Horizontal fibers
2. Blood vessels
3. Apical fibers
4. Oblique fibers
5. Histiocytes

Select one of the following:

  • 1,2,3

  • 1,3,4

  • 3,4,5

  • 1,4,5

Explanation

Question 76 of 191

1

Periodontal ligament mechanoreceptors are
1. Ruffini's corpuscles
2. Meissner's corpuscles
3. Free nerve endings
4. Spindle type nerve ending

Select one of the following:

  • 1,2

  • 1,2,3

  • 1,2,4

  • 3,4

Explanation

Question 77 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Match the items from the first column that best relate to the items listed on the second column
A. Anatomic location of periodontal ligament -
B. Width of the Periodontal Space -
C. Functions of periodontal ligament -
1. It depends on the functional stress
2. It is located between alveolar bone and cementum covering the root
3. It consists of fibers that essentially attach the tooth to alveolar bone within which it sits
4. Periodontal ligament is widest in the cervical third of the root
5. It depends on the different groups of teeth
6. The narrowest portion of periodontal ligament is around the middle third of the root
7. It depends on the different parts of the tooth root

Explanation

Question 78 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

YES OR NO
a. The ground substance of periodontal ligament is responsible for the ion and water delivery and exchange ---
b. Cementoblasts and osteoblasts are responsible for the synthesis of collagen in periodontal ligament ---
c. The width of the periodontal ligament space shows a progressive increase with age ---
d. Fibroblasts the most numerous cell type in periodontal ligament and are responsible not only for the synthesis of collagen, but also for the removal of the collagen fibers during the continuous remodelling that takes place in the ligament ---
e. The thinnest portion of periodontal ligament is around the middle third of the root ---

Explanation

Question 79 of 191

1

The right combination of statements about periodontal ligament is
1. Periodontal ligament is very poorly innervated
2. The supportive function of periodontal ligament is achieved by the epithelial cell rests of Malassez
3. All nerve fibers, present in periodontal ligament, are myelinated
4. Nerve fibers follow the path of the blood vessels
5. The peripheral nerve fibers are unmyelinated
6. Ruffini's corpuscles are mechanoreceptors in periodontal ligament
7. The periodontal collagen is mostly type IV collagen
8. The pressure in the circulatory system is opposed by the hydrostatic pressure of the surrounding tissues
9. Periodontal ligament is richly supplied with nerve endings that are primarily receptors for pain and pressure

Select one of the following:

  • 4,5,6,8,9

  • 1,2,4,8,9

  • 1,3,4,5,7,8

  • 2,4,5,6,8

Explanation

Question 80 of 191

1

Oral Mucosa consists of epithelium/lamina epithelial/, mucosa/lamina propria mucosae/ submucosa/lamina submucosa.

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 81 of 191

1

The epithelium of the oral mucosa is mesodermal in origin

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 82 of 191

1

The lining mucosa covers the lips, the inside of the cheeks, floor of the mouth, inferior surface of the tongue and soft palate.

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 83 of 191

1

Stratum basale of oral mucosa consists of several layers of compactly arranged cells, firmly attached to the basement membrane

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 84 of 191

1

Lamina Propria mucosae is found above the basement membrane

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 85 of 191

1

No submucosa is found in gingiva, hard palate and dorm of tongue

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 86 of 191

1

Stratum granulosum of the masticatory mucosa consists of two to five layers of rhomboid cells containing keratohyalin granules

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 87 of 191

1

Oral Mucosa can be divided into three main categories based on the function and histology into lining, masticatory and specialised mucosa

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 88 of 191

1

Lamina Epithelialis is of

Select one of the following:

  • endodermal origin

  • mesenchymal origin

  • ectodermal origin

  • mixed origin

Explanation

Question 89 of 191

1

Lamina propria mucosae and lamina submucosa are of

Select one of the following:

  • ectodermal origin

  • endodermal origin

  • mixed origin

  • mesenchymal origin

Explanation

Question 90 of 191

1

Stratum basale and stratum spinosum are the two layers of the:

Select one of the following:

  • epithelium of the lining mucosa

  • masticatory mucosa

  • specialized mucosa

  • lamina propria mucosae

Explanation

Question 91 of 191

1

The characteristics of the masticatory mucosa are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • It covers hard palate and alveolar process

  • It covers dorm of the tongue and soft palate

  • It is subjected to great stress and strain distributions

  • It has greater reparative capacity than lining mucosa

Explanation

Question 92 of 191

1

The specialized mucosa covers:

Select one of the following:

  • Hard Palate and alveolar bone

  • dorsum of the tongue and soft palate

  • lips

  • inner surface of the cheeks

Explanation

Question 93 of 191

1

The functions of oral mucosa include all of the following except for

Select one of the following:

  • sensation

  • beginning of the digestion process

  • secretion

  • protection

  • thermoregulation

  • resorption

Explanation

Question 94 of 191

1

The characteristics of the lingual mucosa are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • No submucosa is found in the lingual mucosa

  • It is composed of loose connective tissue

  • There are four types of papillae found on the dorsal surface of the tongue

  • In cells Parakeratosis occurs which leads to exfoliation

  • Lamina Propria mucosae forms prominent papillary folds covered by epithelium

Explanation

Question 95 of 191

1

The taste sensation is experienced best on

Select one or more of the following:

  • Lips

  • Tongue

  • Pharynx

  • Soft Palate

  • Tonsils

Explanation

Question 96 of 191

1

The right combination of statements about lamina propria mucosae is:

1. It is located beneath the basement membrane
2. It consists of collagen, elastic fibers and reticulin
3. It is a layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath lamina submucosa
4. It forms multiple prominent papillary folds covers by epithelium

Select one of the following:

  • 1,2,3

  • 1,2,4

  • 2,3,4

  • 1,2,3,4

Explanation

Question 97 of 191

1

The right combination of statements about lamina submucosa is:

1. It is located beneath lamina propria mucosae
2. It is a layer of loose connective tissue
3. It is of endodermal origin
4. It has capacity of glycogen synthesis and deposition

Select one of the following:

  • 1,2,3

  • 2,3,4

  • 1,2,4

  • 1,2,3,4

Explanation

Question 98 of 191

1

As in the skin the 'immigrant' cells present in the non-keratinised epithelium of the lining mucosa are:

1. Langerhans Cells
2. Melanocytes
3. Merkel's cells
4. migrating lymphocytes
5. epithelial cells
6. endodermal cells

Select one of the following:

  • 1,2,3

  • 1,2,3,4

  • 3,4,5,6

  • 1,4,5,6

Explanation

Question 99 of 191

1

The different types of Papillae on the tongue are:

1. Reticular
2. Filiform
3. Fungiform
4. Dendriform
5. Foilate
6. Circumvallate

Select one of the following:

  • 1,2,3,4

  • 4,5,6

  • 2,3,5,6

  • 2,3,4,5,6

Explanation

Question 100 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

There are 4 types of papillae present in the human tongue:

a/
b/
c/ d/

Explanation

Question 101 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The masticatory mucosa has a keratinised stratified squamous epithelium which has 3 layers

a/
b/
c/

Explanation

Question 102 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The blood supply of oral mucosa originates from:

and

Explanation

Question 103 of 191

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The veins or oral mucosa follow the path of the corresponding arteries and drain into

Explanation

Question 104 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The innervation of oral mucosa is provided by the branches of:

a/
b/
c/
d/

Explanation

Question 105 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

A. The epithelium of the lining and specialised mucosa is thin. non-keratinized: lamina propria mucosae is a layer of loose connective tissue: nonspecific immunity --
B. There is an increase of the epithelial and basement membrane thickness as well as in the amount of fibrous tissue of the mucosa: heparin deposition --
C. The epithelium is thin with increased thickness of basement membrane, there are poorly differentiated cells of the connective tissue: weak local immunity --
1. age 4-12 years
2. age 0-1 years
3. age 1-3 years

Explanation

Question 106 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Match the epithelial layers with their characteristics:
A. Stratum Basale --
B. Stratum Spinosum --

1. It is located above the basal layer
2. It is called also a germinative layer
3. It consists of a single layer cells
4. It consists of 8-10 layers of many sided cells
5. The cells of this layer are poorly differentiated
6. Small amounts of glycogen are found in the cytoplasm
7. Melanocytes are not found in the layer
8. A process of desquamation of the later occurs
9. Molecules and ions move through the layer by a passive transport process

Explanation

Question 107 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Match the lingual and labial mucosa with their characteristics

A. Lingual Mucosa --
B. Labial Mucosa --

1. It refers to the inside lining of the lips and is part of the lining mucosa
2. It is bound very tightly to the underlying tongue muscles
3. It has very thick and loose submucosa
4. No submucosa found
5. Mucosa forms prominent papillary folds covered by epithelium
6. Four types of papillae are found
7. In cells parakeratosis occurs

Explanation

Question 108 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The functions of oral mucosa are:

a/
b/
c/
d/
e/
f/

Explanation

Question 109 of 191

1

Periodontium is a complex anatomical structure composed of both hard and soft tissues

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 110 of 191

1

Gingiva is part of the soft tissue lining of the mouth, tightly bound to the underlying periosteum of alveolar bone and surrounding the teeth in a collar

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 111 of 191

1

The facial attached gingiva is narrowest in the area of incisors

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 112 of 191

1

Healthy gingiva usually has a colour that has been described as dark red

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 113 of 191

1

Physiological changes associated with the tooth eruption occur in periodontium as the dentition changes from primary to permanent teeth

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 114 of 191

1

Periodontal ligament is ectodermal in origin

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 115 of 191

1

Ligamentum circulare dentis consists of gingival ligament, circumferential gingival fibers and alveolar crest fibers

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 116 of 191

1

The attached gingiva is continuous with the marginal gingiva

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 117 of 191

1

The width of the attached gingiva in the incisor region is the widest

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 118 of 191

1

The interdental papilla is also known as the interdental gingiva

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 119 of 191

1

The healthy interdental papilla fill in the area between the teeth apical to their contact areas

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 120 of 191

1

The wall of the gingival sulcus is lined by keratinised epithelium

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 121 of 191

1

Ligamentum circulare and connective tissue attachment serve as a physiologic barrier of periodontium

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 122 of 191

1

The circular gingival fibers attach gingiva to the root dentin

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 123 of 191

1

Sharper's fibers extend from periodontal ligament into cementum and act as a buffer medium against stress

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 124 of 191

1

The fibers of van Korff are corkscrew fibers that pass between odontoblasts and reach predentin

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 125 of 191

1

The formative function of periodontium is provided by the fibers and ground substance in the periodontal ligament

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 126 of 191

1

The periodontium's blood supply is derived from the superior and inferior alveolar arteries

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 127 of 191

1

The pressure during the mastication process is a signal regulating the nutritive function of periodontium

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 128 of 191

1

The supportive function of periodontium provides mechanical attachment of the tooth to the bone

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 129 of 191

1

Which part of the gingiva forms the soft tissue wall of the gingival sulcus

Select one or more of the following:

  • alveolar gingiva

  • marginal gingiva

  • interdental gingiva

  • alveolar bone

Explanation

Question 130 of 191

1

The statement about the interdental gingiva that is incorrect is

Select one of the following:

  • It fills the space between two approximating teeth/gingival embrasure

  • The gingival epithelium is comprised of stratified squamous epithelium which is keratinized in the outer surface of the interdental gingiva and non keratinized in the gingival col.

  • It is a narrow, smooth band, surrounding the teeth in a collar

  • No submucosa is found

Explanation

Question 131 of 191

1

Which is the described component of periodontium?
'It is a masticatory mucosa that covers the alveolar process of the jaw and surround the neck of the teeth'

Select one of the following:

  • Cementum

  • Periodontal ligament

  • Alveolar bone

  • Gingiva

Explanation

Question 132 of 191

1

The statements about periodontal ligament that are correct are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • It is a mesenchymal origin

  • Periodontal ligament is made up of epithelial tissue

  • Sacculus Dentis gives rise to periodontal ligament

  • It consists of outer and inner cortical plates of compact bone that enclose the spongiosa, a compartment composed of spongy bone.

Explanation

Question 133 of 191

1

The features of alveolar bone associated with childhood are

Select one or more of the following:

  • spongy bone with large spaces between the bars and plates containing red bone marrow

  • thin and well defined cortical borders

  • spongy bone with thick bars and plates

  • highly mineralized bone

Explanation

Question 134 of 191

1

The statements about gingiva that are correct are:

1. It is a complex anatomical structure composed of both hard and soft tissues
2. It consists of outer and inner cortical plates of compact bone that enclose the spongiosa, a compartment composed of spongy bone
3. It is a masticatory mucosa that covers the alveolar process of the jaw and surrounds the neck of the teeth
4. Healthy gingiva is usually coral pink

Select one of the following:

  • 1,2

  • 3,4

  • 2,3

  • 1,4

Explanation

Question 135 of 191

1

The features of cementum associated with childhood are:

1. an increase of cementum thickness
2. A reduction in cementum thickness
3. A large amount of cellular cementum is found on the tooth root
4. regeneration of cementum is not possible

Select one of the following:

  • 1,3

  • 1,4

  • 2,3

  • 2,4

Explanation

Question 136 of 191

1

The features of periodontal ligament associated with childhood are

1. wide periodontal ligament space
2. narrow periodontal ligament space
3. large amounts of the mature collagen fibers
4. large amounts of fluid ground substance
5. large number of cells, blood vessels and nerve fibers

Select one of the following:

  • 4,5

  • 2,3,4

  • 1,3,4

  • 3,4,5

Explanation

Question 137 of 191

1

The supportive function of periodontium is provided by

1. Korffs Fibers
2. Cementum
3. Gingiva
4. Alveolar bone
5. Periodontal ligament

Select one of the following:

  • 1,3,5

  • 1,2,4,5

  • 2,3,4,5

  • 1,4,5

Explanation

Question 138 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Periodontium consists of four principal components

1.
2.
3.
4.

Explanation

Question 139 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Gingiva is divided anatomically into:

a/
b/
c/

Explanation

Question 140 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Sacculus Dentis gives rise to three components of periodontium

, and

Explanation

Question 141 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The functions of Periodontium are

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Explanation

Question 142 of 191

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

This question has long answers, I will just write them below

The alveolar process consists of outer and inner cortical plates of compact bone that enclose the spongiosa, a compartment composed of spongy bone. The features of the spongy bone associated with childhood are


1. Spongy bone with large spaces between the bars and plates containing red one marrow
2. Lowly mineralised bone
3. Spongy bone with tiny bars and plates
4. The bone contains numerous lymphatic vessels

Explanation

Question 143 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The characteristics about each area of gingiva are

A. Marginal Gingiva --
B. Alveolar Gingiva --
C. Interdental Gingiva --

1. Tightly bound to the underlying bone
2. It fills the space between two approximating teeth
3. It is a narrow, smooth band, surrounding the teeth in a collar
4. It forms the soft tissue wall of the gingival sulcus
5. Th width of gingiva may vary between 1-9 mm
6. A recession of interdental papillae occurs as a result of ageing
7. The width of gingiva in the incisor region is the widest

Explanation

Question 144 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The characteristics about each component of periodontium are

A. Gingiva --
B. Cementum --
C. Periodontal Ligament --
D. Alveolar bone --

1. It consists of outer and inner cortical plates of compact bone that enclose the spongiosa, a compartment composed of spongy bone
2. It develops from the dental follicle
3. It is an avascular tissue
4. It is a masticatory mucosa that covers the alveolar process of the jaw and surrounds the neck of the teeth
5. It is a fibrous connective tissue between alveolar bone and cementum covering the root
6. It is a connective tissue that covers dentin of the tooth root
7. it is the most peripheral component of periodontium

Explanation

Question 145 of 191

1

Tooth eruption serves as a definite indicator for children's health

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 146 of 191

1

The primary tooth germs are formed during the 2nd and 3rd months of embryonic life

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 147 of 191

1

At birth each alveolar process contains 8 primary tooth germs

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 148 of 191

1

First the crowns of the primary central incisors in the two jaws are formed, then the crowns of the primary lateral incisors, canines and molars

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 149 of 191

1

Ameloblasts are responsible for the root resorption in primary teeth

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 150 of 191

1

By the time a child is 2.5 - 3 years of age, all primary teeth should have erupted

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 151 of 191

1

At birth two alveolar processes contain:

Select one of the following:

  • 10 tooth germs

  • 20 tooth germs

  • 36 tooth germs

  • 24 tooth germs

Explanation

Question 152 of 191

1

The primary central and lateral incisors germs are laid down during the:

Select one of the following:

  • 6-8th months of age

  • 8-12th months of age

  • 12-18th months of age

  • 16-20th months of age

Explanation

Question 153 of 191

1

By the end of 2.5 -3 years of age should have erupted:

Select one of the following:

  • 8 primary teeth

  • 10 primary teeth

  • 20 primary teeth

  • 32 primary teeth

Explanation

Question 154 of 191

1

The roots of primary teeth begin to resorb

Select one of the following:

  • four years after the tooth completion

  • two years after the tooth eruption

  • 2-3 years after the root completion

  • 5 years after the tooth eruption

Explanation

Question 155 of 191

1

The root resorption of the primary molars begins on the inner surface of the root because:

Select one of the following:

  • Permanent tooth germs are located at the lingual side of the roots of the primary molars

  • Permanent tooth germs are located in the interradicular space of the primary molars

  • Permanent tooth germs are located at the medial side of the roots of the primary molars

Explanation

Question 156 of 191

1

Probable symptoms attending a difficult dentition of primary teeth are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • Fever

  • normal temperature

  • hematoma

  • drowsiness

Explanation

Question 157 of 191

1

Delayed tooth eruption is the emergence of a tooth into the oral cavity

Select one of the following:

  • 5-6 months after the normal eruption time

  • 1 month after the normal eruption time

  • 2 months after the normal eruption time

Explanation

Question 158 of 191

1

The eruption of primary teeth can be influenced by a number of factors, such as

1/ heredity
2/ physiological factors
3/ pathologic factors
4/ environmental factors

Select one of the following:

  • 1,2,3

  • 2,3,4

  • 1,3,4

  • 1,2,3,4

Explanation

Question 159 of 191

1

Signs and symptoms of the physiological process of a tooth eruption are:

1. a swelling of the gum around the erupting tooth without edema and infiltration
2. a sac filled with fluid and blood
3. irritability and itching
4. increased amounts of saliva

Select one of the following:

  • 1,3,4

  • 2,3,4

  • 1,2,3

  • 3,4

Explanation

Question 160 of 191

1

Causes of a precocious eruption of primary teeth are

1. pathologic pregnancy
2. superficial position of tooth germs
3. rachitis
4. hyperfunction of the endocrine glands
5. poor nutrition

Select one of the following:

  • 1,2,3,4

  • 2,4

  • 3,4,5

  • 1,5

Explanation

Question 161 of 191

1

Causes for a delayed primary tooth eruption are:

1. rachitis
2. superficial position of tooth germ
3. poor nutrition
4. pathologic pregnancy
5. hyper function of the endocrine glands

Select one of the following:

  • 1,2,3

  • 1,3,4

  • 3,4,5

  • 2,4,5

Explanation

Question 162 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Stages of primary tooth development are:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Explanation

Question 163 of 191

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Primary tooth germs develop from

Explanation

Question 164 of 191

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The pits found on the root surface during the tooth resorption are called

Explanation

Question 165 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The three layers of the resorption organ during the tooth resorption are:

1,
2.
3.

Explanation

Question 166 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Fill in the gaps with the latin terms

1. Precocious eruption -
2. Delayed tooth eruption -
3. Difficult dentition -

Explanation

Question 167 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Time or eruption

A. 6-8 months --
B - 8-12 months --
C - 12-16 months --
D - 16-20 months --
E - 20-30 months --

1. First molars
2. Central incisors
3. Canines
4. Lateral incisors
5. Second molars

Explanation

Question 168 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

A. Permanent tooth germs develop between the roots of --
B. The sockets in the jaws in which the roots of teeth with periodontal ligament are held in the alveolar process of maxilla and mandible are called --
C. The root resorption is caused by --
D. The resorptive lesions are characterised by the presence of --
E. The root resorption is a process of a destruction of cementum, dentin and --

1. Osteoclasts
2. Primary teeth
3. Pulp
4. Dental alveoli
5. A jagged surface contour of dentin

Explanation

Question 169 of 191

1

Some of the permanent tooth germs are formed during the embryonic life

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 170 of 191

1

At birth each alveolar process contains 10 primary tooth germs and 8 permanent tooth germs

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 171 of 191

1

The normal continuation of permanent tooth eruption is 5 months

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 172 of 191

1

The root formation of permanent teeth is accommodated during the tooth eruption and is a consequence, not a cause of the process

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 173 of 191

1

The initial mineralization of the permanent first molar and the intensive mineralization of primary teeth simultaneously occur during the 9th month of embryonic life.

Select one of the following:

  • YES

  • NO

Explanation

Question 174 of 191

1

The tooth germs of the first permanent molars are laid down during the:

Select one of the following:

  • second month of embryonic life

  • third month of embryonic life

  • fourth month of embryonic life

  • sixth month of embryonic life

  • tenth month of embryonic life

Explanation

Question 175 of 191

1

The tooth germs of the permanent incisors are laid down during the:

Select one of the following:

  • sixth month of embryonic life

  • tenth month of embryonic life

  • fourth month of embryonic life

  • third month of embryonic life

Explanation

Question 176 of 191

1

By the age of 11-12 should have erupted

Select one of the following:

  • 20 permanent teeth

  • 8 permanent teeth

  • 28 permanent teeth

  • 24 permanent teeth

Explanation

Question 177 of 191

1

The statements about the mineralization of permanent teeth that are correct are

Select one or more of the following:

  • The permanent molars begin to mineralise in utero

  • The permanent incisors begin to mineralise during the first months after birth

  • The premolars and molars mineralise at about age 3 years

  • Wisdom teeth begin to mineralize at about age 8 years

  • Mineralization of the first and second permanent molars occurs simultaneously

Explanation

Question 178 of 191

1

The stages of root formation of permanent teeth that can be distinguished on radiograph are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • Stage of unformed root apex

  • Stage of mineralization

  • Stage of unclosed root apex

  • stage of formed root apex

Explanation

Question 179 of 191

1

Delayed tooth eruption of permanent teeth is the emergence of a tooth into the oral cavity

Select one of the following:

  • 5 months after the normal eruption time

  • 8 months after the normal eruption time

  • 3 years after the normal eruption time

  • 2 years after the normal eruption time

Explanation

Question 180 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Which of the following statements are correct. YES or NO

a/ All deciduous teeth arise form dental lamina, later the permanent successors arise from its lingual extension and permanent molars from its distal extension --
b/ Permanent teeth usually start erupting at around age 8 years --
c/ Root formation of permanent teeth is accommodated during tooth eruption and is a consequence, not a cause of the disease --
d/ Permanent root development is complete approximately 3-4 years after their eruption --

Explanation

Question 181 of 191

1

Which is the best described stage of tooth development?
''There is a breakdown of the gingival connective tissue overlying the crown of the erupting tooth. As the process approaches the overlying epithelium merges with the oral gingival epithelium. Finally the place of the fused tissues is greatly reduced'

Select one of the following:

  • mineralization of the tooth

  • crown formation

  • tooth eruption

  • root formation

Explanation

Question 182 of 191

1

An important role during the period of mineralization of dental hard tissues play:

1/ Macroelements such as Ca and P
2/ Microelements such as F, Mo, V, Mn, Co
3/ Vitamin A
4/ Vitamin D
5/ Vitamin E

Select one of the following:

  • 1,2,3

  • 1,2,4

  • 2,3,4

  • 3,4,5

Explanation

Question 183 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Physical factors for precocious eruption of permanent teeth are:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Explanation

Question 184 of 191

1

The right combination of statements about permanent teeth is
1. The germs of the permanent incisors arise from the distal extension of dental lamina
2. Mineralization begins from the incised edge of the anterior teeth and he tips of the cusps of molars and proceeds towards the cervical region
3. By the age of 11-12 most children have a full set of permanent teeth except for the third molars
4. There are two stages in the development of the root of permanent teeth

Select one of the following:

  • 1,2

  • 2,3

  • 3,4

  • 1,3

Explanation

Question 185 of 191

1

The right combination of statements about the basic principles in tooth eruption is:

1. Upper teeth usually erupt before lower teeth
2. Tooth eruption occurs in specific eruption times
3. The teeth on the upper jaw usually erupt one to two months after the same tooth on the lower jaw
4. Different dental groups emerge in the oral cavity in order known as the dental eruption sequence

Select one of the following:

  • 1,2,3

  • 2,3,4

  • 1,2,4

  • 1,3,4

Explanation

Question 186 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Three stages of root formation of permanent teeth are:

1.
2.
3.

Explanation

Question 187 of 191

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Metabolic disturbances may be a cause of tooth eruption

Explanation

Question 188 of 191

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Hypofunction of endocrine glands may be a cause of tooth eruption

Explanation

Question 189 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Match the stages of root formation with their characteristics:

A. Stages of unformed root apex --
B. Stage of unclosed root apex --
C -- Stage of formed root apex --

1. The tooth is with a completed root length
2. The walls of the canal are parallel to the long axis of the root
3. The apex continues to close, and the walls of the root canal thicken
4. The apical end is still partially open
5. The tooth is with a closed apical foramen
6. The apex is funnel shaped and typically wider than the coronal aspect of the canal
7. The periodontal membrane has a uniform width around the root and the apex
8. There is no growing zone of the tooth root
9. The periodontal ligament space is demonstrated only on the side of the newly formed walls of the root

Explanation

Question 190 of 191

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The correct dental eruption sequence is :

1. Central incisors
2. Lateral incisors
3. First molars
4. First premolars
5. Second molars
6. Canines
7. Second premolars

Explanation

Question 191 of 191

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The functions of cementum are

a/
b/ Function to securely to the of the
c/ an formation of on the to compensate for and contribute to

Explanation

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