In a restrictive lung disease:
FEV1 Normal FVC Reduced FEV1/FVC Reduced PEFR Reduced
FEV1 Reduced FVC Reduced FEV1/FVC Normal PEFR Normal
FEV1 Reduced FVC Reduced FEV1/FVC Reduced PEFR Reduced
FEV1 Reduced FVC Normal FEV1/FVC Reduced PEFR Reduced
In order to diagnose an obstructive lung condition, the FEV1/FVC must be below ...
70%
50%
60%
80%
In an obstructive lung disease:
In an obstructive lung condition, the ❌ is reduced to a greater extent than the ❌, thus there is a reduced FEV1/FVC ratio.
Increased lung compliance means that the lungs are easier harder( easier, harder ) to stretch
Increased Pulmonary Compliance = Increased Decreased( Increased, Decreased ) difficulty in expiring
Lung Compliance is increased decreased( increased, decreased ) in COPD
Total lung capacity in COPD patients is increased decreased( increased, decreased ) due to hyperinflation hypoinflation( hyperinflation, hypoinflation )
In COPD patients, dynamic airway compression is more likely to occur on active inspiration.
Pulmonary fibrosis causes a decreased increased( decreased, increased ) lung compliance and decreased increased( decreased, increased ) gas diffusion
A diabetic patient is admitted comatose, with a 2 day history of urinary frequency and vomiting. She is displaying deep, sighing breathing. Which of the following is most likely?
pH 7.26 PCO2 3.2 HCO3- 8 PO2 12
pH 7.08 PCO2 5.2 HCO3- 8 PO2 11.8
pH 7.1 PCO2 7.1 HCO3- 26 PO2 10.2
is the volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration
Functional Residual Capacity is about 2.2 litres 3.2 litres 1.6 litres 0.8 litres( 2.2 litres, 3.2 litres, 1.6 litres, 0.8 litres ) in a young adult male.
A patient experiencing a pneumothorax is at risk of becoming hypotensive.
A 67 year old patient presents with shortness of breathness and coughing up green sputum regularly. They have a 40 pack year history of smoking. What is their FEV1/FVC ratio most likely to be?
20%
40%
90%
Peripheral Chemoreceptors are only stimulated by which two of the following?
PO2
H+
HCO3
H2O2
PCO2
Mechanism of anxiety related hyperventilation:
Increased work of breathing due to reversible airways obstruction
Increased central and autonomic arousal
Increased autonomic arousal
Increased central arousal
Stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors
In a patient with diffuse pulmonary fibrosis, what is the most likely FEV1/FVC ratio?
Kussmaul breathing is one of the hallmark signs of
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State
Hypertensive Crisis
Hypotensive Crisis
A low oxygen level in the blood would likely bring about vasoconstriction vasodilation( vasoconstriction, vasodilation )
In which foetal artery does the presence of oxygen cause vasoconstriction? (It is a vasodilator in every other bodily artery) Artery
A 28 year old woman, with a long history of anxiety presents complaining of tingling around her mouth and in her fingers, what will her blood gases likely show?
Respiratory Alkalosis (High pH, Low CO2)
Respiratory Acidosis (Low pH, High CO2)
Metabolic Alkalosis (High Bicarbonate, High pH)
Metabolic Acidosis (Low Bicarbonate, Low pH)
Hyperventilation causing Respiratory Alkalosis would cause a tingling sensation in the fingers due to a reduced level of free calcium iron zinc potassium sodium( calcium, iron, zinc, potassium, sodium ) in the blood as it binds to albumin, thus reducing the only metabolically active form of this mineral in the body causing a deficiency state - which includes peripheral tingling.
An opioid overdose would cause which of the following ABG findings?
pH 7.2, PC02 6.8. P02 8.2, HC03- 26
pH 7.36, PC02 6.8. P02 12.2, HC03- 38
pH 7.5, PC02 3.4, P02 6.9, HC03- 26
pH 7.5, PC02 3.4, P02 12.2, HC03-
Hyoscine is a parasympathetic sympathetic histamine noradrenaline acetylcholine( parasympathetic, sympathetic, histamine, noradrenaline, acetylcholine ) antagonist which reduces respiratory secretions in palliative care patients
Which two of the following leads are used to check the axis of an ECG?
Lead 1
Lead II
Lead III
aVF
aVR
aVL
If Leads I and aVF are positive negative( positive, negative ) on an ECG (first deflection of QRS complex is up down( up, down ) the way) then the axis of the ECG is considered to be normal
❌: Lead 1 is positive but aVF is negative ❌: Lead 1 is negative but aVF is positive
