L28 Background hyperlipidemia

Functions of lipoproteins:
Chylomicrons and VLDL: Deliver ❌ to different cells in the body​.
LDL: Delivers cholesterol to ❌ in the body where it can be used for the ❌ of membranes and ❌ hormones​.
HDL: Involved in reverse cholesterol transport – ❌ cholesterol is brought back to the ❌ by HDL​, and ❌ from the body by the liver.

Primary dyslipidaemias: Genetically determined but also influenced by ❌ factors, i.e. familial hypercholesterolaemia is a genetic disorder where ❌ is raised.
Secondary dyslipidaemias: Secondary to ❌ disorders, or as a result of other ❌ therapies. Can be treated if the underlying cause is treated.

Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis:
1. Presence of ❌ and ❌ of endothelial lining of the coronary artery and/or other blood vessels.​
2. Subendothelial migration of ❌ – accumulation of ❌ streaks, containing lipid rich ❌ and ❌-cells.
3. Migration and proliferation of ❌ muscle cells​.
4. Smooth muscle cells + ❌ secrete collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins – creating a ❌ cap around the necrotic tissue​.
4. Presence of atherosclerotic ❌ results in narrowing of blood vessels causing ❌ of blood flow​.
5. Plaque ruptures, causing formation of a ❌

Reference ranges for lipids​:
Total cholesterol: < ❌ mmol/L​
LDL cholesterol: < ❌ mmol/L​
HDL cholesterol: ≥ ❌ mmol/L ​
Triglycerides: <❌mmol/L​