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MGTA FQ

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MGTA FQ

Question 1 of 71

1

The Portuguese ANSP wants to have a quick estimation of the capacity of its network for the forecast traffic of 2025. Which technique is more suitable for the task?

Select one of the following:

  • Judgment analysis, because it is faster and has a global scope

  • Fast time simulations, because it will not require the implication of air traffic controllers

  • Real time simulations, because it is faster than the other techniques for network analysis

  • Real time simulations, because it’s more accurate

Explanation

Question 2 of 71

1

In the United States, when there is a lack of capacity at a given airport and the capacity cannot be accommodated, a ground delay program (GDP) is defined because:

Select one of the following:

  • The time the passengers are in the air is maximized

  • Ground delay are preferred over air delay only due to their lower cost

  • Air delay are preferred because they are a better approach to deal with capacity-demand imbalances in order to maximize the throughput of the airport

  • By doing ground delay, the workload of the controllers at the TMAs is reduced

Explanation

Question 3 of 71

1

Assuming that the AAR at a given airport is known. Being t the time when the GDP is defined (file time), as t increases, the number of affected flights (controlled flights):

Select one of the following:

  • Increases, dividing the delay between more planes

  • Remains constant. Therefore, it is better to define the GDP as late as possible to reduce the uncertainty

  • Decreases, therefore the average delay per delayed aircraft increases

  • Decreases, therefore the total delay assigned is reduced

Explanation

Question 4 of 71

1

In the genetic algorithm optimization technique, the linear transformation of the objective function prior to the fitness function:

Select one of the following:

  • Reduces the probabilities of a quick convergence, and therefore, maximizes the possibilities of finding a global optima

  • It is a method to transform a multi-objective problem into a single-objective problem

  • It is only used when instead of a minimization the algorithm is used to maximize the problem

  • Ensures there are not negative values but can lead to a quick convergence

Explanation

Question 5 of 71

1

An airport has a capacity that is lower than its demand. In order to minimize the amount of ground delay assigned to the aircraft, a RBS algorithm is used. The same problem is solved by using integer programming (IP).

Select one of the following:

  • Both solutions will minimize the amount of total delay assigned (same amount of delay) but the solution computed with IP will be fairer

  • IP will probably assign less total delay than RBS, and therefore IP is preferable

  • RBS will have the same amount of total delay as IP

  • RBS will probably assign less total delay than IP, and therefore RBS is preferable

Explanation

Question 6 of 71

1

An airport has a capacity that is lower than its demand. In order to minimize the amount of ground delay assigned to the aircraft, a RBS algorithm is used. The same problem is solved using IP, for example using a GHP formulation.

Select one of the following:

  • Both solutions will minimize the amount of total delay assigned (same amount of delay) but the solution is not guaranteed to be feasible

  • IP will probably assign less total delay than RBS, and therefore IP is preferable

  • RBS will have the same amount of total delay as IP

  • RBS will probably assign less total delay than IP, and therefore RBS is preferable

Explanation

Question 7 of 71

1

For a given airspace (i.e. a FIR):

Select one of the following:

  • The number of sectors changes dynamically as a function of the demand according to the Opening Scheme

  • Real-time simulations are used to determine the best sector configuration (opening scheme) for the next hours of operations

  • The convexity constraint when constructing a new sectorization ensures that a flight will be a minimum amount of time in the sector

  • The genetic algorithms are the only technique used to generate the best sectorization for the airspace

Explanation

Question 8 of 71

1

With the introduction of Free Routes and User-preferred routings:

Select one of the following:

  • The capacity of the airspace increases because the traffic is less structured

  • The ANSP suggest to the airlines direct routes between the published waypoints

  • A higher interoperability between actors is required

  • It is only possible in oceanic tracks

Explanation

Question 9 of 71

1

With the introduction of Free Routes and User-preferred routings:

Select one of the following:

  • The capacity of the airspace may increase because the probability of having conflicts has been found to be lower (traffic is less structured)

  • The ANSP suggests to the airlines direct routes between the published waypoints

  • The Airspace Users are not required to file a flight plan

  • It is only possible in oceanic tracks

Explanation

Question 10 of 71

1

The factors that affect the en-route capacity of the airspace are:

Select one of the following:

  • Spatial-Geometrical factors (such as the training of the ATC), the controllability (such as the work of the pilot), and the capacity resilience.

  • Spatial-Geometrical factors (such as the airspace configuration), the controllability (such as the work of the pilot), and the capacity resilience.

  • Spatial-Geometrical factors (such as the training of the ATC), the controllability (such as the flow management), and the capacity resilience.

  • None of the previous answers.

Explanation

Question 11 of 71

1

One of the characteristics of judgmental analysis to estimate the capacity of a system is:

Select one of the following:

  • It does not require the involvement of the ATCO as in real time simulations

  • It has a higher cost than real time simulations

  • It requires more time than fast time simulations

  • It has a higher transferability than fast time simulations

Explanation

Question 12 of 71

1

If instead of a Ration-By-Schedule policy a Ration-By-Distance policy is used:

Select one of the following:

  • The total delay assigned is minimized

  • The delay each passenger suffers is minimized

  • If the GDP is not cancelled before the planned ending time, less delay is realized than in the RBS policy

  • If the GDP is cancelled before the planned ending time, less delay is realized than in the RBS policy

Explanation

Question 13 of 71

1

Stochastic models aimed at optimally solving the GHP imply:

Select one of the following:

  • to maintain capacity constraints of the deterministic version of the GHP

  • to find the optimal ground delay to be assigned to flights in order to respect a probabilistic AAR

  • to define the probability of occurrence of AAR profiles, based on a limited number of scenarios

  • a computational intractability, due to an exponential growth of the decision variables

Explanation

Question 14 of 71

1

Indicate which one of the following is a ground-based safety net:

Select one of the following:

  • MTCD

  • STCA

  • TCAS

  • See and Avoid

Explanation

Question 15 of 71

1

Which of the following systems is a separation provision one:

Select one of the following:

  • STCA

  • ACAS II

  • MTCD

  • see and avoid

Explanation

Question 16 of 71

1

The allocation of IATA slot at a coordinated airport:

Select one of the following:

  • Is based on a negotiation process between Airlines and Airport Operators

  • Is based on the minimization of scheduling delays

  • Is based on historical assignment

  • Does not allow airlines to exchange slots

Explanation

Question 17 of 71

1

Currently in Europe the ATFM initiatives:

Select one of the following:

  • Assign a slot to each affected flight based on original ETO

  • Assign a slot to each affected flight based on the original CTOT

  • Constrain the arrival time of the affected flights

  • Are used only in special cases of airport congestion

Explanation

Question 18 of 71

1

In Genetic Algorithms, the objective function:

Select one of the following:

  • Must return a value that is always positive and bounded between 0 and 2

  • Is applied to the phenotype

  • Is applied to the genotype

  • Returns the number of trials an individual can expect to receive

Explanation

Question 19 of 71

1

Genetic Algorithms:

Select one of the following:

  • Always require a fitness function to rank the individuals in a population

  • Can find an optimal solution whenever the generation gap is close to 1

  • Can optimize the problem’s objective function according to the information of the genotype

  • Are a class of metaheuristic algorithms to solve complex problems

Explanation

Question 20 of 71

1

In the genetic algorithm optimization technique, a fitness function:

Select one of the following:

  • Is always needed when minimizing

  • Is the only technique available to deal with multi-objective optimization

  • Is not needed when the objective function is always negative

  • Is generally the objective function multiplied by a scalar

Explanation

Question 21 of 71

1

In GA, the fitness function:

Select one of the following:

  • must return a value that is always positive and bounded between 0 and 2

  • is applied to the phenotype

  • is applied to the genotype

  • returns the variance of the workload of each sector

Explanation

Question 22 of 71

1

The allocation of IATA slot at a coordinated (level 3) airport:

Select one of the following:

  • is based on a trading process between airlines and airport operators

  • is based on the minimization of scheduling delays

  • does not allow airlines to exchange slots

  • is based on historical assignment

Explanation

Question 23 of 71

1

The allocation of IATA slot at a coordinated (level 3) airport:

Select one of the following:

  • is based on a trading process between airlines and airport operator

  • takes place during the strategic phase (6 to 4 months before the season)

  • is based only on historical assignment (grandfathering rights)

  • does not allow airlines to exchange slots

Explanation

Question 24 of 71

1

The allocation of IATA slot at a coordinated (level 3) airport:

Select one of the following:

  • is based on a trading process between airlines and airport operators

  • takes place during the tactical phase

  • does not allow airlines to exchange slots

  • takes into account historical assignment (grandfathering rights)

Explanation

Question 25 of 71

1

When computing the capacity of a sector

Select one of the following:

  • there is a formula that relates directly the complexity of a controller workload and the capacity of the sector

  • in the ATM of the United States, airspace constraints typically have a more severe effect on airline operations than airport constraints

  • Airspace factors, traffic factors and operational constraints are some of the factors affecting the complexity of the controller’s task

  • the controller workload only depends on the number of simultaneously present aircraft

Explanation

Question 26 of 71

1

When computing the capacity of a sector:

Select one of the following:

  • there is a formula that relates directly the complexity of a controller workload and the capacity of the sector

  • in the ATM of the United States, airport constraints typically have a more severe effect on airline operations than airspace constraints

  • traffic factors and operational constraints are the only factors affecting the complexity of the controller’s task

  • the controller workload only depends on the number of aircraft simultaneously present in the sector

Explanation

Question 27 of 71

1

The ERASMUS Project was:

Select one of the following:

  • proposing a new concept for air traffic flow management

  • investigating new values for separations minima

  • investigating subliminal control for conflict resolution

  • investigating decentralized solutions for conflict resolution

Explanation

Question 28 of 71

1

In a free route airspace the airspace users can:

Select one of the following:

  • fly whatever route they want between a defined point of entry and point of exit

  • plan whatever route they want between a defined point of entry and point of exit

  • receive from ATC the delegation of the responsibility for traffic separation

  • follow a fixed structure of airways to plan their flights

Explanation

Question 29 of 71

1

Free route in Europe:

Select one of the following:

  • Is the same concept as free flight

  • Is usually applied gate-to-gate

  • Affects only to a specific portion of the flight

  • Removes the need of ATC

Explanation

Question 30 of 71

1

Air traffic capacity within free route operations:

Select one of the following:

  • Is theoretically the same as conventional operation

  • Is higher due to a higher number of routes and thus higher airspace capacity

  • Is lower due to the added complexity of the controller to detect and manage conflicts

  • Is lower due to a lower use of airspace volume

Explanation

Question 31 of 71

1

Which of the following factors does not affect the capacity of a single runway airport:

Select one of the following:

  • the separation requirements imposed by the ATM system

  • the mix of movements and their sequencing

  • the application of IATA grandfathering rights

  • the weather conditions

Explanation

Question 32 of 71

1

The capacity envelope of an airport can be obtained from historical values of:

Select one of the following:

  • airport capacity taking into account the entire set of observations

  • airport capacity discarding the extreme points from the entire set of observations

  • aircraft demand taking into account the weather patterns

  • historically assigned IATA slots

Explanation

Question 33 of 71

1

The Ration by Schedule method to allocate slots:

Select one of the following:

  • gives the minimum passenger delay compared with other methods for GDP

  • gives the minimum cost assignment of ground delays in the GHP

  • gives the minimum total flight delay compared with other methods for GDP

  • gives the maximum inequity for passengers and airlines compared with other methods for GDP

Explanation

Question 34 of 71

1

An airspace control sector

Select one of the following:

  • has a limited capacity which depends on the workload of the air traffic controllers

  • can be split indefinitely into smaller sectors to increase the overall airspace capacity

  • is a region of airspace under the control of three or more air traffic controllers

  • is a region of airspace defined only in two dimensions

Explanation

Question 35 of 71

1

In the model of deterministic GHP

Select one of the following:

  • the exponential factor in the objective function represents the increasing cost of providing capacity

  • the demand uncertainty is explicitly taken into account

  • the decision variables are binary

  • the capacity constraints imposed by airports and airspace control sectors are both modeled

Explanation

Question 36 of 71

1

In the project of GEAIO of optimization of airspace sectoring, the most important objective concerning the traffic workload was to:

Select one of the following:

  • minimize the number of aircraft per sector

  • minimize the number of sectors

  • minimize the variance of the number of aircraft per sector

  • maximize the number of aircraft per sector

Explanation

Question 37 of 71

1

GDP scope is one of the parameters that the GDP authority can set to change the impact of the application of the programme. Scope is defined as a distance to the airport where the GDP is applied. When increasing scope distance:

Select one of the following:

  • both ground and holding delay increases

  • holding delay decreases and ground delay increases

  • both holding and ground delay decrease

  • holding delay increases and ground delay decreases

Explanation

Question 38 of 71

1

Voronoi diagrams is a technique used in the definition of sectorizations. Which of the following is not a characteristic of Voronoi diagrams:

Select one of the following:

  • Creates a discretization of the airspace based on the workload and connectivity

  • The closest pair of points corresponds to two adjacent cells

  • Every cell is convex

  • The edges are located at the maximum distance of all the points

Explanation

Question 39 of 71

1

Concerning airport capacity:

Select one of the following:

  • the type and location of exits from the runway have no direct influence on airport capacity

  • the requirement of airborne separation is always more restrictive than the single occupancy one

  • when a runway is used for both arrivals and departures, ATC may be able to release a following take-off sooner if a landing aircraft can exit a runway quickly

  • the weather conditions do not usually influence the runway capacity

Explanation

Question 40 of 71

1

Airport Capacity:

Select one of the following:

  • Can be represented through an arrival/departure capacity envelop

  • Can be calculated as the sum of all runway capacities as if they were independent

  • Is tactically assigned to airlines through IATA slot few hours before departure

  • Is not affected by the mix of aircraft types operating at the airport

Explanation

Question 41 of 71

1

Evolutionary algorithms (such as Genetic Algorithms and Ant Colony Optimisation) are:

Select one of the following:

  • Metaheuristic methods, and they do not guarantee an optimal solution is ever found

  • Probabilistic methods, always converging to a global optimal

  • Gradient methods, using problem dynamics to determine the search direction

  • Deterministic

Explanation

Question 42 of 71

1

Which of the following is not a reproduction strategy in GA?

Select one of the following:

  • Roulette Wheel Crossover

  • Single Point Crossover

  • Shuffle Crossover

  • Multiple Point Crossover

Explanation

Question 43 of 71

1

In ACO, how would you prevent fast convergence to a local optimal?

Select one of the following:

  • Increase the number of ants (m)

  • Increase the constant value (controls relative importance of desirability of transition)

  • Increase the constant value (controls relative importance of amount of pheromone)

  • Decrease the pheromone evaporation coefficient ()

Explanation

Question 44 of 71

1

In the Traveling Salesman Problem solved using ACO:

Select one of the following:

  • Every ant has to visit only one city

  • Every ant starts from a different city

  • Every ant chooses the next city to visit depending on the distance and the pheromones laid

  • The number of ants does not impact the optimality of the solution

Explanation

Question 45 of 71

1

Regarding the capacity of ATM sectors:

Select one of the following:

  • there is a formula that relates directly the complexity of a controller workload and the capacity of the sectors

  • in the European ATM, airspace constraints typically have a more severe effect on airline operations than in the US ATM

  • traffic factors and operational constraints are the only factors affecting the complexity of the controller’s task

  • the controller workload only depends on the number of aircraft simultaneously present in the sectors

Explanation

Question 46 of 71

1

At the pre-tactical phase of the ATFM:

Select one of the following:

  • The flights are managed with the existing ATC capacity

  • The estimated ATC capacities and forecasted demand are used to predict the ATFM regulations that may be needed, and then to adjust the traffic planning accordingly

  • The long-term demand (i.e., with months of anticipation) is used to define the ATC capacity needed

  • Slots are assigned to airlines in the sectors where the capacity is lower than the forecasted demand

Explanation

Question 47 of 71

1

Capacity is to be estimated for a FIR with the higher possible accuracy. Which one of the following techniques would you use to estimate it?

Select one of the following:

  • Judgement Analysis

  • Performance Based Navigation

  • Fast time simulation (FTS)

  • Real time simulation (RTS)

Explanation

Question 48 of 71

1

Airspace sectorisation within a FIR:

Select one of the following:

  • Can vary throughout the day

  • Depends only on the number of aircraft

  • Does not usually vary throughout the day

  • Each sector can have an arbitrary shape

Explanation

Question 49 of 71

1

3D airspace sectorization:

Select one of the following:

  • Is much easier to calculate than conventional sectorization

  • Each sector can have an arbitrary shape

  • Each sector must satisfy the right prism constraint

  • Each sector does not need to be convex

Explanation

Question 50 of 71

1

Ground delay programs:

Select one of the following:

  • Prevent most of the aircraft to enter into holding patterns

  • Are in place on low traffic conditions

  • Are inefficient when demand at an airport is unusually high

  • Are less efficient than airborne delay

Explanation

Question 51 of 71

1

In a ground delay program:

Select one of the following:

  • The Controlled Time of Departure (CTD) is the new assigned time of departure

  • The file time is always later than the program start time

  • The program start time and file time are the same

  • The program radius does not affect the amount of delay that a single aircraft might have

Explanation

Question 52 of 71

1

Ground delay programs:

Select one of the following:

  • Are in place when there is little traffic

  • Help to solve demand/capacity imbalance problem efficiently

  • Require most of the aircraft to enter into holding patterns

  • Are inefficient when demand at an airport is unusually high

Explanation

Question 53 of 71

1

In a ground delay program:

Select one of the following:

  • The Estimated Time of Departure (ETD) is the new assigned time of departure

  • The file time is the time when the GDP is defined

  • The program end time is the time when no aircraft has assigned delay any more

  • The program start time and file time are the same

Explanation

Question 54 of 71

1

In a ground delay program which of the following would be exempted flights:

Select one of the following:

  • The flight is an international flight

  • The flight is on the ground at the filing time

  • All of the above

  • The flight is within the GDP radius

Explanation

Question 55 of 71

1

In a ground delay program varying the filing time:

Select one of the following:

  • Does not have an impact to the GDP

  • Later filing times give higher number of GDP affected flights

  • Earlier filing times give lower average ground delay per aircraft

  • Earlier filing times give higher airborne delays

Explanation

Question 56 of 71

1

In a ground delay program, when varying the filing time:

Select one of the following:

  • It does not have an impact on the GDP

  • Earlier filing times give higher number of GDP affected flights

  • Later filing times give lower average ground delay per aircraft

  • Earlier filing times give higher airborne delays

Explanation

Question 57 of 71

1

In a ground delay program we talk about exempt flights when:

Select one of the following:

  • The flight is an international flight

  • The flight is in the ground at the filing time

  • The flight is within the GDP radius

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 58 of 71

1

Air Traffic Controllers Workload:

Select one of the following:

  • Is determined by airspace capacity

  • Is determined by static and dynamic airspace and traffic characteristics

  • Is measured through gaming techniques

  • Is a limiting factor for airport capacity only

Explanation

Question 59 of 71

1

Among capacity estimation techniques:

Select one of the following:

  • Judgmental analysis usually requires higher cost than fast time simulations

  • Real Time simulations have a higher adaptability than judgmental analysis

  • Fast time simulations have higher accuracy than judgmental analysis

  • Real Time simulations require a lower time than judgmental analysis

Explanation

Question 60 of 71

1

In air traffic conflict resolution:

Select one of the following:

  • centralized ATMS schemes go towards the free flight philosophy

  • in decentralized ATMS schemes, aircraft are responsible for maintaining separation between them, detecting and resolving all impending conflicts in the airspace

  • decentralized ATMS schemes rely more on ground-based ATC than centralized ATMS schemes

  • in decentralized ATMS schemes, aircraft always need intervention of central ATC system

Explanation

Question 61 of 71

1

In the next ATM paradigm a dynamic sectoring is desired because:

Select one of the following:

  • Moving sector boundaries in real-time to adapt to traffic demand would increase capacity and efficiency of the ATM system

  • It is easier for the controllers to coordinate with all the other sectors

  • Moving sector boundaries in real-time to adapt to traffic demand would allow each controller to monitor a single aircraft for the entire flight

  • It is easier for pilots to follow their routes within a sector when sectors are dynamic

Explanation

Question 62 of 71

1

In SESAR and NextGen want to modernize technologies and procedures for:

Select one of the following:

  • Anticipating aircraft separation tasks

  • Configuring the airspace (sectors, routes, etc.) in order to apply as few constraints as possible to the traffic demand

  • Enhancing ATM capacity by reducing the workload of the controllers

  • All the other answers are correct

Explanation

Question 63 of 71

1

One important new mode of separation introduced by SESAR will be:

Select one of the following:

  • The use of TCAS with automated conflict resolution capabilities

  • The speed control requested by ATC officers to avoid imminent collisions

  • None of the other answers is correct

  • Self-separation of aircraft, thus increasing the capacity of sectors

Explanation

Question 64 of 71

1

In SESAR and NextGen want to:

Select one of the following:

  • Substitute the tactical management of conflicts with a new layer of safety for the strategic de-confliction of trajectories

  • Complement the tactical management of conflicts and substitute the management of flows and capacities with a new layer of safety for the strategic de-confliction of trajectories

  • Separate trajectories for the entire flight with enough anticipation, even before take-off, to allow a collaborative flight planning among airlines, ATC, ATFM and airports.

  • None of the other answers is correct

Explanation

Question 65 of 71

1

Today’s traffic is strategically de-conflicted by:

Select one of the following:

  • Advanced MTCD systems with trajectory resolution capabilities

  • Dynamic sectoring, especially if they are optimized with genetic algorithms

  • Airspace design only (routes, flight level scheme and sectorization)

  • Airspace design (routes, flight level scheme and sectorization) and management of flows and capacities

Explanation

Question 66 of 71

1

Recent research indicates that with the potential introduction of continuous operations in all phases of flight, and considering a TBO environment already implemented:

Select one of the following:

  • The flight efficiency (fuel and emissions) could be improved between 6% and 11%

  • Capacity may be increased because the probability of conflict will be lower in the absence of flight level constraints

  • Capacity may be increased because the complexity of the traffic will be easier for the controllers in the absence of flight level constraints

  • Safety may be increased by a factor of x4 or x5 in the absence of flight level constraints

Explanation

Question 67 of 71

1

Conflict resolution is a task that:

Select one of the following:

  • Is a highly combinatorial problem in the presence of multiple trajectories

  • Is required to ensure separation provision

  • Can generate new conflicts downstream (i.e., “domino effects”) if a global traffic awareness is not considered

  • All the other answers are correct

Explanation

Question 68 of 71

1

Separation provision to flights is a task:

Select one of the following:

  • Performed by the ATFM

  • Performed by the pilots with the help of a MTCD system

  • None of the other answers is correct

  • Performed by the ATC officers using TCAS

Explanation

Question 69 of 71

1

The introduction of a new strategic layer of safety for the early de-confliction of trajectories through a collaborative flight planning:

Select one of the following:

  • May contribute to reduce the workload of controllers, thus increasing the capacity

  • May contribute to increase the safety and flight efficiency

  • Is the cornerstone of the TBO paradigm

  • All the other answers are correct

Explanation

Question 70 of 71

1

A 4D trajectory is considered optimal in the TBO context because:

Select one of the following:

  • It represents the preferences of the flight operators flying without any constraints

  • It anticipates the separation provision for the entire flight taking into consideration the actual constraints of the ATM and the preferences of the flight operators

  • The time dimension is more efficient when introduced in a trajectory

  • It has no uncertainty related to any of its dimensions

Explanation

Question 71 of 71

1

The use of a hub and spoke network by most of the largest carriers implies that in case of disturbances at the hub airport:

Select one of the following:

  • there will be a high delay propagation

  • there will be a low delay propagation

  • delays in the morning will have a lower downstream effect

  • the hub system does not have any impact on the delay propagation

Explanation

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