Matthew Coulson
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The first afternoon of the course - first lecture given.

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Matthew Coulson
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Introduction & Physiology of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology

Question 1 of 33

1

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Alcoholic beverages typically utilise yeasts in their production, especially ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii, Saccharomyces eubayanus, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis ) (commonly known as baker's yeast).

Explanation

Question 2 of 33

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Vinegar is scientifically known as acid

Explanation

Question 3 of 33

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Which of the following fungi is used in the production of citric acid?

Select one of the following:

  • Aspergillus Niger

  • Aspergillus Nidulans

  • Aspergillus Oryzae

  • Aspergillus Fumigatus

  • Aspergillus Flavus

Explanation

Question 4 of 33

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Antibiotics are ( secondary, primary, tertiary ) metabolites synthesized by filamentous bacteria and fungi

Explanation

Question 5 of 33

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Which type of enzyme is found in washing powders?

Select one of the following:

  • Proteases

  • Amylases

  • Lipases

  • Cellulase

Explanation

Question 6 of 33

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Which two enzymes are the main regulators of glucose breakdown?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Alpha amylase

  • Beta amylase

  • Delta amylase

  • Amyloglucosidase

  • Glucoamylase

Explanation

Question 7 of 33

1

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are organisms made up of cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles.
are organisms made up of cells that possess a membrane-bound nucleus that holds genetic material as well as membrane-bound organelles.

Explanation

Question 8 of 33

1

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Prokaryote or Eukaryote?
Archaea = ( Prokaryote, Eukaryote )
Fungi = ( Eukaryote, Prokaryote )
Protozoa = ( Eukaryote, Prokaryote )
Algae = ( Eukaryote, Prokaryote )
Bacteria = ( Prokaryote, Eukaryote )

Explanation

Question 9 of 33

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There are 3 types of Archaea:
- Adapted to environments with high salt concentrations
- Archaea which produce methane
- Adapted to environments with extremely high temperatures

Explanation

Question 10 of 33

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Thermus Aquaticus gives rise to which useful genetic enzyme?

Explanation

Question 11 of 33

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Almost all industrial bacteria are members of which two subgroups of Eubacteria?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Proteobacteria

  • Gram Positive Eubacteria

  • Chlamydia

  • Cyanobacteria

  • Spirochetes

Explanation

Question 12 of 33

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One of the defining features of prokaryotic organisms is membrane bound organelles

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 13 of 33

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The genetic material of Prokaryotes is typically found within ( a single circular chromosome of DNA, multiple parallel chromosomes, a number of interconnected plasmids )

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Question 14 of 33

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Prokaryotes conduct cell division via ( binary fission, mitosis )
Eukaryotes conduct cell division via ( mitosis, binary fission )

Explanation

Question 15 of 33

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Gram ( positive, negative ) organisms have 1 cell membrane and a thick layer of peptidoglycan
Gram ( negative, positive ) organisms have 2 cell membranes and a thin layer of peptidoglycan in between

Explanation

Question 16 of 33

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The inner membrane of a gram negative organism is also known as the membrane

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Question 17 of 33

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( Escherichia Coli, Bacillus Subtilis ) is a gram negative bacterium which is a facultative anaerobe commonly used in the production of heterologous industrial microorganisms
( Bacillus Subtilis, Escherichia Coli ) is a gram positive bacterium which is a facultative anaerobe commonly used in the production of industrial enzymes such as amylases and proteases

Explanation

Question 18 of 33

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Eukaryotes are typically ( larger, smaller ) than prokaryotes

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Question 19 of 33

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In eukaryotes, the nucleus is usually bound within a ( double membrane, single membrane )

Explanation

Question 20 of 33

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The cell walls of eukaryotes consist mainly of
The cell walls of fungi consist mainly of

Explanation

Question 21 of 33

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What are the two broad subgroups of Fungi? (alphabetical order, plural)

Explanation

Question 22 of 33

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Match the subtype of Fungi to its structure:
Mold -
Yeast -

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    Filamentous Hyphae
    Unicellular

Explanation

Question 23 of 33

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Which of the four main classes of Fungi contain the Yeasts?

Select one of the following:

  • Phycomycetes

  • Ascomycetes

  • Basidomycetes

  • Deuteromycetes

Explanation

Question 24 of 33

1

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Microorganisms can be classified into two broad categories based on their energy source:
= Obtain energy by oxidation of organic or inorganic molecules
= Obtains energy via light

Microorganisms can also be classified into two groups based on their carbon source:
= Utilise a wide range of organic molecules as their carbon source
= Utilise CO2 as their sole or primary carbon source

Explanation

Question 25 of 33

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Most fermentation reactions are ( heterotrophic, autotrophic )

Explanation

Question 26 of 33

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are microorganisms that can grow on minimal media containing only carbon and energy sources and basic mineral elements
are microorganisms that require additional organic substances such as amino acids or vitamins

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    Prototrophs
    Auxotrophs

Explanation

Question 27 of 33

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Microbial Growth Kinetics:
= Closed system whereby all nutrients are present at the start of the process.
= Fresh medium is added as the reaction progresses but no old medium is removed.

= Fresh medium is continuously fed into the fermentation vessel but used medium is removed at the same rate, creating optimum conditions for growth.

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    Continuous growth
    Fed-batch growth
    Batch growth
    Intermittent growth

Explanation

Question 28 of 33

1

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The main difference between Fed-batch and Continuous growth is that:
In ( Fed batch growth, Continuous growth ) the overall volume increases as the reaction progresses
In ( Continuous growth, Fed batch growth ) the overall volume remains constant throughout the reaction

Explanation

Question 29 of 33

1

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What are the four growth phases of a microorganism?
Phase: This initial phase is characterized by cellular activity but not growth. Cells are placed in media which allows them to synthesize proteins and other molecules necessary for replication however they do not actually divide.
Phase: This is the time when the cells are dividing by binary fission and doubling in numbers after each generation time.
Phase: Available nutrients become depleted and waste products start to accumulate. Bacterial cell growth reaches a plateau, or stationary phase, where the number of dividing cells equal the number of dying cells.
Phase: As nutrients become less available and waste products increase, the number of dying cells continues to rise. The number of living cells decreases exponentially and population growth experiences a sharp decline.

Explanation

Question 30 of 33

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In which growth phase are antibiotics typically most effective?

(See description for details)

Select one of the following:

  • Lag

  • Exponential (Log)

  • Stationary

  • Death

Explanation

Question 31 of 33

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Primary metabolism produces products essential for growth and replication. This comprises the Phases and is also known as .
Secondary metabolism produces products important in ecological and other activities of the cell. This comprises the Phases and is also known as .

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    Trophophase
    Idiophase
    Stationary and Death
    Lag and Exponential

Explanation

Question 32 of 33

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Antibiotics are produced by the ( secondary metabolism, primary metabolism )

Explanation

Question 33 of 33

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The 'Disadvantages of Batch Fermentation' slide (slide 37) seems very examinable. This could easily come up as 'Compare and contrast the different methods of fermentation' e.g. comparing batch and fed-batch to continuous.
Go over and remember a few of the differences, such as:

- Batch fermentation means that the system never achieves a steady state due to the constantly changing conditions of the environment.
- Batch fermentation involves a lot of practical steps and procedures which gives more room for human error and contamination
- Theoretically, the exponential phase in a continuous culture can be extended indefinitely as if you keep providing new material and removing old, used culture material the organism will never run out of nutrients.

Click 'True' to continue.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

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