Fristch and Hitzig

Bartholow

John Flynn

Wilder Penfield

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

Gazzaniga

Corpus callosum

1) Connections in the brain are crossed

2) There is some laterality in the brain.

Experiments on people with severed corpus callosums

Experiments on people with severed corpus callosums (facial)

Hemispheres & visual fields

Effects of damage to the corpus callosum

Nissl

Types of Glia

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

Radial glia

Golgi & Caja

Golgi stain

Structure of a neuron

Dendrites vs axons

Afferent, efferent, and intrinsic (interneuron)

blood-brain barrier

Hodgkins and Huxley

Why use a giant squid axon?

Hodgkins and Huxley Results

Resting Potential

sodium-potassium (Na-K) pump

The sodium-potassium pump creates ______?

potassium flow in/out of the neuron

Nernst equation

Action potential graph

What happens during an action potential?

refractory period

Summary graph of refractory period

All or None Laws

Propogation of the action potential

Properties of a graded potential

Properties of an action potential

Why does an impulse not travel backwards?

Myelin

saltatory conduction

T. R. Elliott

Otto Loewi

Steps at the synapse

Sequence of events at the synapse

Synapse

ionotropic synapse

metabotropic synapse

Types of neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine

Monoamine

Amino acids

Ligand gated channel

Neurotransmitters vs neuropeptides

Metabotropic synapse diagram

glutamate

GABA

Dale's Law

Quantic release

How do you clean out the synaptic cleft?

Sherrington

Implications of Sherrington's experiment

Results of Sherrington's experiment presented visually

Temporal summation

Spatial summation

Excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)

Hiearchical synapses

Effects of drugs on dopamine

Nucleus accumbens

Myasthenia gravis

Parkinson's Disease characteristics

Parkinson's Disease possible causes

L-DOPA

Parkinson's treatment

Hungtinton's Chorea

C-A-G repeats

Antagonist

Agonist

Affinity

Efficacy

Stimulant drugs

Amphetamine

Cocaine

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

Nicotine

Opiates

Marijuana (Δ9-THC) - Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Hallucinogenic drugs

Alcohol

Summary of drugs & their effects

Tranquilizers

Ways to affect the synapse (antagonistic)

Ways to affect the synapse (agonistic)

Early development of vertebrate brain

Proliferation

Migration

Differentiation

Myelination

Synaptogenesis

New neurons grow in the adult brain?

Development of the brain

Three different pouches of the brain

Endocast

Organization of the nervous system

Central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic

Sensory nervous system

Motor nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Spinal cord

Nerve

Tract

Spinal cord nerves

Directions in the brain

Cut of spinal cord

Path of information in the spinal cord

Structure of brain

Lamina

Column

Tract

Nerve

Nucleus

Ganglion

Gyrus

Sulcus

Fissure

Bell-Magendie law

Grey matter

White matter

Parasympathetic nervous system

Medulla

Cranial nerves

Major divisions of the vertebrate brain

Cranial Nerves

Pons

Reticular formation

Raphe system

Cerebellum

Ventricles

Meninges

tectum

superior colliculus

inferior colliculus

tegmentum

substantia nigra

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Mnemonics for cranial nerves

Parts of the brain

decussation of pyramids

Organization of the brain structures (e.g. medulla, pons, etc.)