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Pharmaceutics Exam 1 Quiz on Pharmaceutics Drug degradation, created by jacosta08 on 10/02/2015.

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Pharmaceutics Drug degradation

Question 1 of 40

1

Which of the following are mechanisms for chemical drug degradation?

Select one or more of the following:

  • hydrolysis

  • oxidation

  • isomerization

  • epimerization

  • photolysis

  • vaporization

  • polymorphism

  • adsorption

Explanation

Question 2 of 40

1

Which of the following are mechanisms of physical drug degradation?

Select one or more of the following:

  • vaporization

  • polymorphism

  • adsorption

  • photolysis

  • epimerization

  • isomerization

  • oxidation

  • hydrolysis

Explanation

Question 3 of 40

1

What is the MOST common cause of drug decomposition?

Select one of the following:

  • hydrolysis

  • oxidation

  • vaporization

  • polymorphism

  • adsorption

  • isomerization

  • epimerization

  • photolysis

Explanation

Question 4 of 40

1

What functional groups are involved hydrolysis reaction drug decomposition?

Select one of the following:

  • Ester, Salts, Amides, lactone, lactam

  • Aldehydes, alcohols, phenols, sugars, alkaloids, unsaturated fats and oils

Explanation

Question 5 of 40

1

What factors affect hydrolysis?

Select one or more of the following:

  • temperature

  • pH

  • water content

  • radiation

  • catalysts

  • synergists

  • UV

Explanation

Question 6 of 40

1

How would you minimize hydrolysis?

Select one or more of the following:

  • (i) Protecting from heat, (ii) Refrigeration

  • Adjusting the pH and using buffers

  • Removing water or reducing water content

  • Using tightly closed containers

  • Using an insoluble form of the drug in water

  • Lyophilization of the product for subsequent reconstitution

  • Using a soluble form of the drug in water

  • Applying heat and keep at room temp.

  • Use open containers

  • Adding water to dry powder

Explanation

Question 7 of 40

1

What causes oxidation?

Select one or more of the following:

  • oxidizing agents

  • reducing agents

  • hydrolyzing agents

Explanation

Question 8 of 40

1

Free radical may form from the presence of trace amounts of

Select one or more of the following:

  • carbon

  • calcium

  • heavy metals (Pb)

  • peroxides

  • atmospheric oxygen

  • carbon dioxide

Explanation

Question 9 of 40

1

Which of the following is the initiation stage of free radical formation?

Select one of the following:

  • R--R ---> R• + R•

  • R• + O2 ---> ROO•
    ROO• + R--R ---> ROOR + R•

  • R• + R• -----> R--R
    R• + ROO• ----> ROOR

Explanation

Question 10 of 40

1

Which of the following represent the propagation stage of free radical formation?

Select one of the following:

  • R--R ---> R• + R•

  • R• + O2 ---> ROO•
    ROO• + R--R ---> ROOR + R•

  • R• + R• -----> R--R
    R• + ROO• ----> ROOR

Explanation

Question 11 of 40

1

What factors MOST affect oxidation?

Select one or more of the following:

  • concentration of reducing species

  • concentration of oxidizing species

  • temperature

  • radiation

  • catalysts

  • pH

  • water content

Explanation

Question 12 of 40

1

Gamma-radiation is used to sterilize products.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 13 of 40

1

Solutions are less sensitive to radiation than solid dosage forms.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 14 of 40

1

Heavy metals (cupric, chromic, ferrous, ferric, etc.) are catalysts that affect hydrolysis.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 15 of 40

1

Epinephrine exhibits a minimum oxidative decomposition at pH = ?

Select one of the following:

  • 3.4

  • 1.5

  • 2.8

  • 12

  • 7

Explanation

Question 16 of 40

1

Epinephrine exhibits a minimum oxidative decomposition
at pH 3.4. At higher pH it degrades slower.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 17 of 40

1

In regard to factors affecting oxidation, antibiotic or vitamin preparations have a pH range of maximum stability.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 18 of 40

1

Which antioxidants would be used to improve stability of a drug in an aqueous system?

Select one or more of the following:

  • sodium sulfite

  • sodium metabisulfite

  • sodium bisulfite

  • sodium thiosulfate

  • ascorbic acid

  • hydroquinone

  • propyl gallate

  • butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)

  • butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)

  • alpha‐tocopherol

Explanation

Question 19 of 40

1

Which antioxidants would be used to improve stability of a drug in an oil system?

Select one or more of the following:

  • hydroquinone

  • propyl gallate

  • butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)

  • butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)

  • alpha‐tocopherol

  • sodium sulfite

  • sodium metabisulfite

  • sodium bisulfite

  • sodium thiosulfate

  • ascorbic acid

Explanation

Question 20 of 40

1

For products, extremely sensitive to atmospheric oxygen, the head-space in the pharmaceutical container can be filled with ____ or _____ instead of air.

Select one or more of the following:

  • nitrogen

  • carbon dioxide

  • carbon monoxide

  • hydrogen

  • sulfur

  • water

  • catalysts

Explanation

Question 21 of 40

1

How would we minimize oxidation other than using antioxidants?

Select one or more of the following:

  • inclusion of chelating agents

  • buffering agents

  • water with heavy metals

  • water without heavy metals

  • use metal containers

  • use glass containers

  • add oxidizing agents

Explanation

Question 22 of 40

1

Saturated drug molecules have tendency to interact with lights.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 23 of 40

1

Dextro & Levo optical isomers are pharmaceutically active separately.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 24 of 40

1

Generally dextro forms show more pharmacological effects, e.g., epinephrine, alpha‐methyldopa, propranolol, warfarin, ibuprofen, pilocarpine, ergotamine

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 25 of 40

1

Microbiological degradation by bacteria create

Select one of the following:

  • alkaline media

  • acidic media

  • neutral media

Explanation

Question 26 of 40

1

Microbiological degradation by mold and yeast create

Select one of the following:

  • acidic media

  • alkaline media

  • neutral media

Explanation

Question 27 of 40

1

Which dosage form is more vulnerable to microbial degradation?

Select one of the following:

  • solution preparations

  • tablets

  • capsules

  • topicals

  • suppositories

Explanation

Question 28 of 40

1

To remedy microbiological degradation, preservatives can be added & when alcohol is the vehicle, of ____ alcohol itself
gives intrinsic bacteriostatic property.

Select one of the following:

  • 15‐18%

  • 40-50%

  • 1-5%

  • 7-14%

  • 19-23%

Explanation

Question 29 of 40

1

According to the law of mass action, the rate of a chemical reaction is

Select one of the following:

  • proportional to the product of the molar concentration of the reactants each raised to a power “usually” equal to the number of molecules, a and b, of the substances A and B, respectively, undergoing reaction.

  • proportional to the reactants of the molar concentration of the products each raised to a power “usually” equal to the number of molecules, a and b, of the substances A and B, respectively, undergoing reaction.

  • disproportional to the product of the molar concentration of the reactants each raised to a power “usually” equal to the number of molecules, a and b, of the substances A and B, respectively, undergoing reaction.

  • inversely related to the product of the molar concentration of the reactants each raised to a power “usually” equal to the number of molecules, a and b, of the substances A and B, respectively, undergoing reaction.

Explanation

Question 30 of 40

1

Molecularity is important in reaction kinetics.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 31 of 40

1

One fundamental of kinetics is the reaction equation has to be balanced. Also, termolecular reactions are common.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 32 of 40

1

2 NO + Br2 =2NOBr

Select one of the following:

  • unimolecular

  • bimolecular

  • termolecular

Explanation

Question 33 of 40

1

H2 + I2 = 2HI

Select one of the following:

  • unimolecular

  • bimolecular

  • termolecular

Explanation

Question 34 of 40

1

Br_2 = 2 Br

Select one of the following:

  • unimolecular

  • bimolecular

  • termolecular

Explanation

Question 35 of 40

1

The overall order of a reaction is the sum of the _______of the concentration items.

Select one of the following:

  • exponents

  • rate constant

  • time

  • [reactants]

  • [products]

Explanation

Question 36 of 40

1

It is difficult to calculate reaction order just looking at the reaction equation.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 37 of 40

1

Knowing reaction order is not important for studying half-life & reaction kinetic studies.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 38 of 40

1

Higher the 'k' value means the slower the reaction.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 39 of 40

1

k does not depend on the concentrations of A & B but it will change if you change the reaction temperature.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 40 of 40

1

All of the following EXCEPT this one are chemical methods of drug degradation.

Select one of the following:

  • hydrolysis

  • polymorphism

  • photolysis

  • auto-oxidation

  • racemization

Explanation

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