What is cloning?
Clones are organisms that are exact genetic copies.

Artificial Clones:
1. ARTIFICIAL EMBRYO TWINNING

- A very early embryo is separated into individual cells
- These then divide and develop for a short period in a petri dish before translate to surrogate.

2. SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER (SCNT)

- Taking DNA from a something already formed/specialized rather than embryonic cell splitting.

Steps:
I - a somatic cell is located and its' nucleus removed
II - nucleus is removed from an egg cell
III - nucleus from somatic cell is transferred to enucleated egg.
IV - cell divides in petri dish and is transplanted to surrogate

Applications:

MEDICINE - EXPERIMENTAL USEAGES
- Cloning animals models of disease to reduce time creating transgenic animal models for study.
- Cloning to make stem cells manipulated processes to help our bodies build, maintain, and repair them to help understand and treat diseases.

FARMING
- Cloning could be used to produce drugs for humans by inserting a gene into the DNA of cells that codes for a drug or vaccine, using SCNT by taking its nucleus and transforming it to an animal egg and developing an animal to produce that drug. Example: A cow's milk.

Embryonic Stem Cells VS Adult Stem Cells

EMBRYONIC -> Specialize into any cell
ADULT -> Make only some cell types (mainly blood cells)

Therapeutic cloning is done to produce human tissues- it can begin with either adult stem cells or embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells can be used for reproductive cloning- the production of a new individual. Though you can make exact copies of an organism, they do not share behaviors.

	Created by mollyperrigo almost 10 years ago

Define, give 2 methods and applications of Cloning.

AP Biology 11: CLONING