Charlotte Jakes
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Nutrition and Metabolism Quiz on The Fed and Fasting State, created by Charlotte Jakes on 03/01/2020.

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Charlotte Jakes
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The Fed and Fasting State

The Fed and Fasting State

Question 1 of 57

1

Which of the following hormones increase blood glucose by inhibiting insulin? Check all that apply.

Select one or more of the following:

  • Adrenaline

  • Cortisol

  • Growth hormone

  • Glucagon

  • Secretin

Explanation

Question 2 of 57

1

Which hormone increases blood glucose by inhibiting insulin over a long period of time?

Select one of the following:

  • Cortisol

  • Adrenaline

  • Glucagon

  • Growth hormone

Explanation

Question 3 of 57

1

Which hormone counteracts insulin by stimulating glucose and lipid metabolism but shares insulin's anabolic properties with respect to protein?

Select one of the following:

  • Growth hormone

  • Adrenaline

  • Cortisol

  • Glucagon

Explanation

Question 4 of 57

1

Which hormone stimulates insulin secretion after food intake before blood glucose increases?

Select one of the following:

  • Secretin

  • Cholecystokinin

  • Gastrin

  • Pancreatic peptide

Explanation

Question 5 of 57

1

Which type of glucose transporters are present on the B cells of the islets of Langerhans?

Select one of the following:

  • GLUT1

  • GLUT2

  • GLUT3

  • GLUT4

Explanation

Question 6 of 57

1

Which glucose kinase is present in the B cells of the islets of Langerhans?

Select one of the following:

  • Glucokinase

  • Hexokinase

Explanation

Question 7 of 57

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Fill in the blanks to describe the stimulation of insulin secretion from the pancreatic B cells.
1. The B cells have glucose transporters - these have affinity so glucose only enters these cells at concentration.
2. kinase is present in the B cells which has Km so glucose with affinity. This initiates .
3. from inhibits -sensitive channels on the membrane.
4. The prevention of leakage causes the membrane to become .
5. -gated channel proteins open.
6. enters the cell stimulating and release of insulin.

Explanation

Question 8 of 57

1

What is proinsulin?

Select one of the following:

  • Commercially synthesised insulin for use in diabetes management

  • Inactive prehormone form of insulin

  • The inactive form of insulin secreted by the pancreas of those with type 2 diabetes

  • Insulin when bound in a vesicle in the pancreatic B cells

Explanation

Question 9 of 57

1

How do we activate proinsulin?

Select one of the following:

  • Cleave off the C-peptide

  • Cleave off the B-peptide

  • Hydrolyse the disulfide bridges

  • Substitution of histidine for proline on the a-chain

Explanation

Question 10 of 57

1

What type of receptor is the insulin receptor?

Select one of the following:

  • Tyrosine kinase

  • GPCR

  • Free cytosolic

  • Transmembrane channel

Explanation

Question 11 of 57

1

Which domain are the 2 a-subunits of the insulin receptor found?

Select one of the following:

  • Extracellular

  • Intracellular

Explanation

Question 12 of 57

1

Which domain are the 2 b-subunits of the insulin receptor found?

Select one of the following:

  • Extracellular

  • Intracellular

Explanation

Question 13 of 57

1

The insulin receptor is described as being catalytic.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 14 of 57

1

What happens when insulin binds to the insulin receptor?

Select one of the following:

  • Autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues

  • Autophosphorylation of lysine residues

  • Activation of a G protein

  • Opening of transmembrane channel

Explanation

Question 15 of 57

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Fill in the blanks below to describe the activation of protein kinase B by insulin.
1. Insulin binds to its receptor.
2. This binding stimulates of residues.
3. This allows of (IRS 1/2).
4. activates .
5. phosphorylates to in the cell membrane.
6. activated .
7. activates .

Explanation

Question 16 of 57

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Fill in the blanks below to describe how insulin activates glycogen synthesis.
1. When insulin binds to its tyrosine kinase receptor, is activated by a series of .
2. causes channels to be translocated to the membrane via to encourage glucose uptake.
3. phosphorylates . This glycogen synthase kinase.
4. remains unphosphorylated so remains in its form.
5. Glycogen syntheiss can take place.

Explanation

Question 17 of 57

1

The active form of glycogen synthase kinase is...

Select one of the following:

  • Phosphorylated

  • Not phosphorylated

Explanation

Question 18 of 57

1

The active form of glycogen synthase is...

Select one of the following:

  • Phosphorylated

  • Not phosphorylated

Explanation

Question 19 of 57

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Fill in the blanks below to describe how insulin inhibits lipolysis.
1. When insulin binds to its receptor, is activated by a series of .
2. phosphorylates to activate it.
3. converts to AMP.
4. is therefore inhibited and thus is not activated.
5. Triacylglycerols are not hydrolyses and the triacylglycerol store in adipose tissue is preserved.

Explanation

Question 20 of 57

1

What hormone activates hormone sensitive lipase to cause TAG hydrolysis?

Select one of the following:

  • Glucagon

  • Insulin

  • Secretin

  • Ghrelin

Explanation

Question 21 of 57

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Fill in the blanks below to describe how insulin affects gene expression.
1. Insulin binds to its receptor stimulating of residues.
2. This phosphorylation leads to activation of .
3. activates the protein kinase cascade to phosphorylate first , then , then .
4. or MAPK activates or inhibits leading to gene activation or suppression.

Explanation

Question 22 of 57

1

The brain and erythrocytes will always take up glucose and metabolise it. Why?

Select one of the following:

  • GLUT3 transporters have high affinity

  • Glucokinase present which has high Km

  • Membranes freely permeable to glucose

  • Insulin directs glucose towards these tissues

Explanation

Question 23 of 57

1

In excess, how will pyruvate from glycolysis leave the liver?

Select one of the following:

  • As VLDL

  • As HDL

  • As LDL

  • As chylomicrons

Explanation

Question 24 of 57

1

Why does muscle and adipose tissue only uptake glucose at very high concentrations?

Select one of the following:

  • GLUT4 transporters present

  • Hexokinase present

  • Glucokinase present

  • Glycogen synthase present

Explanation

Question 25 of 57

1

Which biomolecules deposit fatty acids into adipose tissue in the fed state? Select all that apply.

Select one or more of the following:

  • Chylomicrons

  • VLDL

  • HDL

  • LDL

Explanation

Question 26 of 57

1

What are the actions of cortisol?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Long term blood glucose regulation

  • Stimulation of amino acid mobilisation from muscle

  • Stimulation of gluconeogenesis

  • Stimulation of TAG release from adipose tissue

  • Activation of glycogen synthase

  • Inhibition of lipoprotein lipase

  • Recruitment of GLUT4 transporters to cell membranes

Explanation

Question 27 of 57

1

The liver is engaged in gluconeogenesis at all times except during...

Select one of the following:

  • The fed state

  • The fasting state

  • Prolonged starvation

  • Satiety signalling

Explanation

Question 28 of 57

1

Why is the glucose kinase in the liver glucokinase, which has low affinity?

Select one of the following:

  • No competition for glucose with the brain when concentration is low

  • Concentration of glucose in the liver is always high

  • To compete for glucose against the brain when concentration is low

  • Concentration of glucose in the liver is always low

Explanation

Question 29 of 57

1

During the fed state, acetyl CoA carboxylase is activated to form malonyl CoA. What does malonyl CoA do?

Select one of the following:

  • Inhibits acyl carnitine transferase to prevent entry of fatty acids into mitochondrion for oxidation

  • Activations acyl carnitine transferase to encourage entry of fatty acids into mitochondrion for oxidation

  • Activates lipoprotein lipase to encourage TAG storage in adipose tissue

  • Activates LCAT to increase cholesterol uptake from peripheral tissues

Explanation

Question 30 of 57

1

Why does the brain rely on glucose as fuel?

Select one of the following:

  • Fatty acids cannot cross the blood-brain barrier

  • Fatty acids are broken down in the cerebrospinal fluid

  • Fatty acids are toxic to neurons

  • The neurons have no mitochondria

Explanation

Question 31 of 57

1

Glucose transport into the brain and erythrocytes is independent of insulin.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 32 of 57

1

The erythrocytes have no mitochondria.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 33 of 57

1

When do blood glucose concentrations peak?

Select one of the following:

  • 1 hour after eating

  • 2 hours after eating

  • 4 hours after eating

  • 30 mins after eating

Explanation

Question 34 of 57

1

Following a meal, when have blood glucose levels normally returned to normal by?

Select one of the following:

  • 2 hours

  • 1 hour

  • 4 hours

  • 6 hours

Explanation

Question 35 of 57

1

Why can't fatty acids be used in gluconeogenesis?

Select one of the following:

  • Acetyl CoA cannot be converted back to pyruvate - acetyl CoA is an end product of B-oxidation

  • Fatty acids cannot cross the hepatocyte cell membranes

  • It is more efficient to store fatty acids as TAGs in adipose tissue

  • Fatty acids cannot be converted to citrate

Explanation

Question 36 of 57

1

Which of the following molecules are gluconeogenic substrates?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Lactate

  • Glycerol

  • Glucogenic amino acids

  • Ketogenic amino acids

  • Fatty acids

  • Malonyl CoA

Explanation

Question 37 of 57

1

Ketone bodies consist of two molecules of what bonded together?

Select one of the following:

  • Acetyl CoA

  • Malonyl CoA

  • Carbon dioxide

  • Lactate

Explanation

Question 38 of 57

1

What is the purpose of the ketone bodies?

Select one of the following:

  • Provide a source of acetyl CoA to the muscles

  • Provide a source of acetyl CoA to the brain

  • Buffer system in the blood

  • Activate glycogen phosphorylase

Explanation

Question 39 of 57

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

In the fasting state, glucagon activates . Thus, is phosphorylated and put into its state. This means is phosphorylated and can enter the blood.

Explanation

Question 40 of 57

1

Where is lactate sourced from for gluconeogenesis?

Select one of the following:

  • Erythrocytes

  • Brain

  • Adipose tissue

  • Kidney

Explanation

Question 41 of 57

1

Why do the erythrocytes produce lactate?

Select one of the following:

  • Can only perform anaerobic respiration

  • Can only perform aerobic respiration

  • Haem breakdown

  • Byproduct of oxyhaemoglobin formation

Explanation

Question 42 of 57

1

When does acetyl CoA form ketone bodies?

Select one of the following:

  • When it exceeds the capacity of the TCA cycle

  • When insulin activates hepatocytes

  • When ATP concentration is high in the hepatocytes

  • During the fed state

Explanation

Question 43 of 57

1

Why do ketone bodies stimulate insulin secretion?

Select one of the following:

  • To prevent muscle breakdown

  • To prevent fatty acid oxidation

  • To prevent urea toxicity

  • To prevent hepatocyte death

Explanation

Question 44 of 57

1

The brain can use ketone bodies in metabolism.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 45 of 57

1

When does urea excretion and thus protein breakdown peak during starvation?

Select one of the following:

  • After 12 hours

  • 1 week

  • 2 weeks

  • After 48 hours

Explanation

Question 46 of 57

1

Why does urea excretion and thus protein breakdown decrease over time?

Select one of the following:

  • Ketone bodies stimulate insulin secretion

  • Ketone bodies stimulate glucagon secretion

  • After a certain period there is no mobilisable protein left

  • After a certain period urea transporters in the nephron are saturated

Explanation

Question 47 of 57

1

Why do the muscle begin to utilise fatty acids for energy as starvation progresses?

Select one of the following:

  • To increase availability of ketone bodies to brain

  • To reduce urea toxicity

  • To increase availability of amino acids to brain

  • To prevent kidney damage

Explanation

Question 48 of 57

1

For how long can a human survive without food?

Select one of the following:

  • 40 days

  • 20 days

  • 80 days

  • 7 days

Explanation

Question 49 of 57

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Fill in the blanks below to describe type 1 diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is caused by the destruction of cells in the . It often has an onset. Symptoms include polyuria, polydipsea, (excessive appetite), fatigue and weakness as well as weight loss and muscle wasting. It requires treatment with exogenous whereby the dosage is matched with .

Explanation

Question 50 of 57

1

Which of these indicate type 1 diabetes?

Select one of the following:

  • Hyperglycaemia and ketoacidosis

  • Hyperglycaemia only

  • Ketoacidosis only

  • Hypoglycaemia and ketoacidosis

Explanation

Question 51 of 57

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Fill in the blanks below to describe Type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin . Is is usually onset than type 1. Type 2 diabetes can be treated with dietary changes and oral agents.

Explanation

Question 52 of 57

1

What do biguanides do in the treatment of Type II diabetes?

Select one of the following:

  • Increase recruitment of GLUT4 to increase glucose uptake

  • Reduce recruitment of GLUT4 to reduce glucose uptake

  • Act on B cells to improve insulin secretion

  • Destroy ketone bodies in the blood

Explanation

Question 53 of 57

1

What do sulphonylureas do in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes?

Select one of the following:

  • Act on B cells to improve insulin secretion

  • Destroy ketone bodies

  • Increase recruitment of GLUT4 to encourage glucose uptake

  • Reduce recruitment of GLUT4 to reduce glucose uptake

Explanation

Question 54 of 57

1

Which hormone acts unopposed in diabetes mellitus?

Select one of the following:

  • Glucagon

  • Insulin

  • Adrenaline

  • Cortisol

Explanation

Question 55 of 57

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

In a healthy individual, stimulate release to limit muscle protein breakdown. In diabetics, this cannot occur. Thus, protein is broken down in an uncontrolled matter, is not controlled, fat breakdown is not controlled and production is not controlled. Glucose and may be present in the urine.

Explanation

Question 56 of 57

1

Drag and drop the correct pathologies to name some of the complications of diabetes mellitus.
- disease of the capillaries causing thickening of the wlals
- damage to the retina affecting vision
- damage to the kidneys
- results in impotence, foot ulcers etc

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    Microangiopathy
    Retinopathy
    Nephropathy
    Neuropathy

Explanation

Question 57 of 57

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

To be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, patients must have any 1 of: fasting glucose, resistance or diabetes.
Patients must also have any 2 of tension, (abnormal lipid content in blood), obesity (fat buildup around the abdomen) or microalbuminuria

Explanation

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