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human physiology Quiz on respiration, created by Y Y on 08/01/2020.

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respiration

respiration

Question 1 of 108

1

inspiration occurs as a result of

Select one of the following:

  • an upward movement of the diaphragm

  • movement of the ribs closer together due to the contraction of the inspiratory intercostal muscles

  • downward movement of the diaphragm

  • a and b

  • b and c

Explanation

Question 2 of 108

1

in order for the lungs to function normally, the intrapleural pressure must

Select one of the following:

  • be lower than alveolar pressure

  • be between +5 and +10mmHg above the atmospheric pressure

  • alternate between being less than and greater than the atmospheric pressure

  • change as respiratory demands of the body change

  • be the same as the atmospheric pressure

Explanation

Question 3 of 108

1

most of the CO2 that is transported in blood is

Select one of the following:

  • dissolved in the plasma

  • bound to haemoglobin

  • in carbonic acid

  • in bicarbonate ions

  • in carbonic anhydrase

Explanation

Question 4 of 108

1

in which vesicular bed does hypoxia cause vasconstriction

Select one of the following:

  • coronary

  • pulmonary

  • cerebral

  • muscle

  • skin

Explanation

Question 5 of 108

1

which of the following is the site of the highest airway resisitance

Select one of the following:

  • mouth

  • largest bronchi

  • medium sized bronchi

  • smallest bronchi

  • alveoli

Explanation

Question 6 of 108

1

compared with the systemic circulation, the pulmonary circulation has a:

Select one of the following:

  • higher flow

  • lower resistance

  • higher arterial pressure

  • higher capillary pressure

  • higher cardiac output

Explanation

Question 7 of 108

1

hypoventilation will cause

Select one of the following:

  • hypercapnia

  • anoxia

  • hypoxia

  • hypocapnia

  • a and c

Explanation

Question 8 of 108

1

which of the following events is caused by an increased pCO2 in tissues

Select one of the following:

  • increased pH

  • decreased association between hemoglobin and O2

  • decreased pH

  • vasodilatation

  • b and c

Explanation

Question 9 of 108

1

vital capacity include

Select one of the following:

  • tidal volume

  • expiratory reserve volume

  • residual volume

  • inspiratory reserve volume

  • a, b, and d

Explanation

Question 10 of 108

1

which muscles contract in quiet breathing

Select one of the following:

  • abdominal

  • external intercostal muscles

  • diaphragm

  • pectoral muscle

  • b and c

Explanation

Question 11 of 108

1

which of the following events are sympathetic effects

Select one of the following:

  • vasoconstriction in the lungs

  • dilation of the bronchi

  • vasodilation in the lungs

  • constriction of the bronchi

  • a and b

Explanation

Question 12 of 108

1

which of the following is related to the respiratory function of the lungs

Select one of the following:

  • regulation of lung blood pressure

  • lung ventilation

  • diffusion of gases between the alveolar air and blood

  • fat metabolism

  • b and c

Explanation

Question 13 of 108

1

which factors affect the gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane

Select one of the following:

  • membrane thickness

  • membrane area

  • tidal volume

  • diffusion quotient

  • a and b

Explanation

Question 14 of 108

1

gas exchange in the respiratory system of humans takes place in the

Select one of the following:

  • trachea

  • bronchus

  • bronchioles

  • alveoli

  • larynx

Explanation

Question 15 of 108

1

as regards the distribution of ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q), the V/Q ratio

Select one of the following:

  • gradient of change of ventilation is greater than that of perfusion

  • ventilation increases up the lung

  • perfusion increases up the lung

  • at apex is greater than at base in prone position

  • none of the above

Explanation

Question 16 of 108

1

surfactant

Select one of the following:

  • is produced by type I alveolar cells

  • acts like detergent in water

  • reduces the amount of negative intrapleural pressure

  • reduces blood flow to the lungs

  • increases pulmonary compliance

Explanation

Question 17 of 108

1

carbon dioxide transport is

Select one of the following:

  • 70% dissolved in plasma

  • 70% as a carbamino hemoglobin

  • 70% as bicarbonates

  • 10% as bicarbonates

  • unaffected by pO2

Explanation

Question 18 of 108

1

obligatory respiratory muscles are

Select one of the following:

  • the diaphragm and mm. intercostales interni

  • the diaphragm and mm. intercostales externi

  • mm.abdominales

  • mm. serrati posteriores inferiores

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 19 of 108

1

the bronchial muscles relax under the influence of

Select one of the following:

  • epinephrine

  • atropine

  • epinephrine and atropine

  • bradikinine and histamine

  • acetylcholine

Explanation

Question 20 of 108

1

for the surfactant it is true that

Select one of the following:

  • is produced by type II alveolar cells

  • consists of phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates

  • decreases the alveolar surface tension at the end of expiration

  • protects the lungs from atelectasis and edema

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 21 of 108

1

for the alveolar capillary membrane it is true that

Select one of the following:

  • consists of alveolar epithelium, pulmonary capillary endothelium and their base membranes with very thin interstitial space between them

  • diffusion of O2 and CO2 occurs across it

  • has better permeability for O2 than CO2

  • a and b

  • none of the above

Explanation

Question 22 of 108

1

dilation of bronchi can be achieved by

Select one of the following:

  • increased level of catecholamines

  • decreased level of catecholamines

  • increase of acetylcholine and serotonin levels

  • increase of bradikinine and histamine levels

  • a,c, and d

Explanation

Question 23 of 108

1

normal breathing at rest is called

Select one of the following:

  • polypnoe

  • eupnoe

  • tachypnoe

  • dyspnoe

  • hyperpnoe

Explanation

Question 24 of 108

1

during expiration

Select one of the following:

  • the thoracic cage recoils and the diaphragm moves upwards

  • the intrapleural pressure decreases

  • the intrapleural pressure increases

  • a and b

  • a and c

Explanation

Question 25 of 108

1

the sympathetic division of ANS affects the bronchial muscles activating

Select one of the following:

  • alpha-adrenergic receptors

  • beta-adrenergic receptors

  • M-cholinergic receptors

  • N-cholingeric receptors

  • H2 receptors

Explanation

Question 26 of 108

1

tidal volume (TV) is

Select one of the following:

  • the volume of air, which passes through the lungs per minute

  • bigger than the residual volume (RV)

  • an element of the functional residual capacity (FRC)

  • a, b and c

  • 0.5 1 approximately

Explanation

Question 27 of 108

1

the intrapleural pressure is

Select one of the following:

  • higher than the atmospheric pressure

  • lower than the atmospheric pressure

  • equal to the atmospheric pressure

  • depends on the water molecules surface tension and elastic fibers

  • b and d

Explanation

Question 28 of 108

1

the anatomical dead space

Select one of the following:

  • includes the volume of air within the air passages up to the terminal bronchioles

  • is the space where gas exchange doesnt occur

  • is approximately 140ml

  • is approximately 500ml

  • is about 61.min-1

Explanation

Question 29 of 108

1

the residual volume (RV) is

Select one of the following:

  • the volume of air, which remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

  • the volume of air, which remains in the lungs after maximal inspiration

  • is about 2-3l

  • is the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume

  • a component of the vital capacity (VC)

Explanation

Question 30 of 108

1

which of the following factors shifts the dissociation curve of HbO2 to the right

Select one of the following:

  • increased pCO2

  • decreased pCO2

  • decreased pO2

  • increased pO2

  • increased pH

Explanation

Question 31 of 108

1

it is not true that vital capacity (VC)

Select one of the following:

  • is a sum of ERV + TV + IRV

  • depends on sex and age

  • depends on chest measurement

  • is a sum of IC + ERV

  • is a sum of TV + ERV + RV

Explanation

Question 32 of 108

1

there are smooth muscles in the respiratory system

Select one of the following:

  • on the external surface of the lungs

  • on the medial surface of the lungs

  • in the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

  • around the alveoli

  • on the external and medial surfaces of the lungs

Explanation

Question 33 of 108

1

it is true that the air in the alveoli

Select one of the following:

  • has a higher CO2 content than the atmosphere

  • has lower O2 content than in the atmosphere

  • consists of N2 approximately equal to that in the atmosphere

  • has the same components as the atmosphere

  • a, b and c

Explanation

Question 34 of 108

1

the elastic fibers in the lungs are situated

Select one of the following:

  • around the alveoli

  • around the terminal branches of the bronchi

  • on the external and the medial surface of the lungs

  • a and b

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 35 of 108

1

the peripheral chemoreceptors are situated

Select one of the following:

  • on the ventral surface of medulla oblongata

  • on the dorsal surface of medulla oblongata

  • in arcus aortae and arteria carotis communis

  • in the inferior and superior vena cavae and the right atrium

  • in the hypothalamus

Explanation

Question 36 of 108

1

which of the following compounds doesnt take part in the transport of CO2 under physiological conditions

Select one of the following:

  • carbamino Hb

  • carboxi Hb

  • NaHCO3

  • physically dissolved in fluids

  • carbamino Hb and physically dissolved in the fluids

Explanation

Question 37 of 108

1

which of the following factors increases the rate of breathing

Select one of the following:

  • decreased pCO2

  • increased pO2

  • alkalosis

  • decreased pCO2 and increased pO2

  • increased pCO2 and decreased pO2

Explanation

Question 38 of 108

1

the ventilation/ perfusion (V/Q) ratio of 0.8 refers to

Select one of the following:

  • the upper parts of the lungs in upright position

  • the middle parts of the lungs in upright position

  • the lower parts of the lungs in upright position

  • in all parts of the lungs in supine position

  • b and d

Explanation

Question 39 of 108

1

which of the following does not happen during inspiration

Select one of the following:

  • the ribs move upward

  • the diaphragm lifts up

  • the anterior-posterior dimensions of the chest are increased

  • the transverse dimensions of the thorax are increased

  • the scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles can be recruited for inspiration

Explanation

Question 40 of 108

1

total lung capacity (TLC) of men would normally be about

Select one of the following:

  • 4200ml

  • 1500ml

  • 6000ml

  • 8000ml

  • 10000ml

Explanation

Question 41 of 108

1

oxygen enters the cell via

Select one of the following:

  • diffusion

  • filtration

  • osmosis

  • active transport

  • passive transport

Explanation

Question 42 of 108

1

most of the carbon dioxide produced by tissues is transported to the lungs as

Select one of the following:

  • small gas bubbles in the plasma

  • gas bound to hemoglobin in the red blood cells

  • bicarbonates in the plasma

  • gas bound to white blood cells and albumin

  • gas transported through the lymphatic system

Explanation

Question 43 of 108

1

the need to breathe is caused by

Select one of the following:

  • a drop in blood pH

  • a rise in blood pH

  • a drop in blood oxygen levels

  • a drop in carbon dioxide levels

  • none of the above

Explanation

Question 44 of 108

1

where does gas exchange take place

Select one of the following:

  • bronchioles

  • bronchi

  • pulmonary capillaries

  • roots of the lungs

  • trachea

Explanation

Question 45 of 108

1

the surfactant

Select one of the following:

  • makes expiration difficult

  • reduces the surface tension of the water layer within alveoli

  • relaxes the bronchi

  • increases in concentration when the sympathetic tone is increased

  • in increased concentration causes oedema

Explanation

Question 46 of 108

1

hemoglobin gives up oxygen when the environment is more

Select one of the following:

  • acidic

  • alkaline

  • icy

  • open

  • none of the above

Explanation

Question 47 of 108

1

acidosis is when blood pH is below

Select one of the following:

  • 7.05

  • 7.15

  • 7.25

  • 7.35

  • 6.50

Explanation

Question 48 of 108

1

the bronchodilatory effect of atropin is due to blocking

Select one of the following:

  • N-cholinergic receptors

  • M-cholinergic receptors

  • alpha-cholinergic receptors

  • beta-cholinergic receptors

  • H1- receptors

Explanation

Question 49 of 108

1

the carotid bodies

Select one of the following:

  • are stretch receptors in the walls of the internal carotid arteries

  • have a blood flow per unit volume similar to that in the brain

  • are influenced by the blood temperature

  • generate less afferent impulses when blood H+ concentration rises

  • and the aortic bodies are mainly responsible for the increased ventilation in hypoxia

Explanation

Question 50 of 108

1

pulmonary surfactant increases

Select one of the following:

  • the surface tension of the fluid lining alveolar walls

  • lung complaince

  • in effectiveness as the lungs are inflated

  • in amount when pulmonary blood flow is interrupted

  • the airflow resistance in bronchi

Explanation

Question 51 of 108

1

the hemoreceptors in the carotid artery and aortic arc are excited when

Select one of the following:

  • pCO2 in plasma is decreased

  • plasma pH is increased

  • pO2 in plasma is increased

  • pO2 in plasma is decreased

  • tO is increased

Explanation

Question 52 of 108

1

during inspiration

Select one of the following:

  • intrapleural pressure is lowest at mid-inspiration

  • intrapulmonary pressure is lowest around mid-inspiration

  • intraoesophageal pressure is lowest at mid-inspiration

  • the rate of air flow is greatest at end-inspiration

  • the lung volume/intrapleural pressure relationship is the same as in expiration

Explanation

Question 53 of 108

1

the bronchial muscles relax under the influence of

Select one of the following:

  • increased parasympathetic tone

  • acetylcholine

  • histamine

  • atropin

  • none of the above

Explanation

Question 54 of 108

1

in the lungs

Select one of the following:

  • the rate of alveolar ventilation at rest exceeds the rate of alveolar capillary perfusion

  • the ventilation/ perfusion (V/Q) ratio in less 0.6 during maximal exercise

  • the V/Q ratio is higher at the apex than at the base of the lungs when a person is standing

  • oxygen transfer can be explained by active transport

  • dead space decreases during inspiration

Explanation

Question 55 of 108

1

bronchial smooth muscle contracts in response to

Select one of the following:

  • bronchial mucosal irritation

  • local beta adrenoceptor stimulation

  • a fall in bronchial pO2

  • inhalation of air warmed to 37C

  • circulating noradrenaline

Explanation

Question 56 of 108

1

which of the following factors stimulate respiration

Select one of the following:

  • decrease pCO2

  • increased pO2

  • alkalosis

  • decreased pCO2, increased pO2 alkalosis

  • increased pCO2, decreased pO2, alkalosis

Explanation

Question 57 of 108

1

CO2 is transported basically as

Select one of the following:

  • bicarbonates

  • carbhemoglobin

  • physically dissolved

  • connected to plasma proteins

  • connected to the hem of Hb

Explanation

Question 58 of 108

1

during inspiration

Select one of the following:

  • venous return to the heart is increased

  • less energy is expended than during expiration

  • lung expansion is assisted by surface tension forces in the alveoli

  • lung expansion begins when intrapleural pressure falls below atmospheric

  • the relative concentration of surfactant increases in alveoli

Explanation

Question 59 of 108

1

the residual volume (RV) is

Select one of the following:

  • the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of an expiration

  • greater on average in women than in men

  • 3-4 liters on average in young adults

  • measured directly using a spirometer

  • smaller in old than in young people

Explanation

Question 60 of 108

1

a rise in arterial pCO2 causes

Select one of the following:

  • an increase in ventilation due to stimulation of peripheral and central chemoreceptors

  • a decrease in ventilation due to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors

  • a decrease in arterial pressure

  • a decrease in cerebral blood flow

  • a decrease in the plasma bicarbonate level

Explanation

Question 61 of 108

1

ventilation is increased during

Select one of the following:

  • periods when cerebrospinal fluid pH is reduced

  • compensated chronic renal failure

  • periods when plasma bicarbonate level is increased

  • deep sleep

  • exercise because of the ensuing fall in arterial pO2

Explanation

Question 62 of 108

1

pulmonary

Select one of the following:

  • arterial mean pressure is about one-sixth of systemic mean arterial pressure

  • blood flow/minute is greater then the systemic blood flow/minute

  • vascular resistance is about 50 per cent that of systemic vascular resistence

  • vascular capacity is similar to systemic vascular capacity

  • arterial pressure increases by about 50 per cent when cardiac output rises by 50 per cent

Explanation

Question 63 of 108

1

carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in

Select one of the following:

  • combination with the myoglobin molecule

  • combination with plasma globulins

  • physical solution in red blood cells

  • greater quantity in red blood cells than in plasma

  • greater quantity as HCO3- than as other forms

Explanation

Question 64 of 108

1

a shift of the oxygen dissociation curve of blood to the right

Select one of the following:

  • occurs in the pulmonary capillaries

  • occurs if blood temperature decreases

  • favours oxygen delivery to the tissues

  • favours oxygen uptake from the lungs by alveolar capillary blood

  • occurs if the pH of the blood increases

Explanation

Question 65 of 108

1

the compliance of the lungs and chest wall is

Select one of the following:

  • expressed as volume change per unit change in pressure

  • minimal during quiet breathing

  • increased by the surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli

  • decreased by surfactant

  • changed by parallel displacement of the line relating lung volume to distending pressure

Explanation

Question 66 of 108

1

respiratory dead space

Select one of the following:

  • includes the volume of air in the airways up to the terminal bronchi

  • is where the gas exchange occur

  • is about 360ml

  • makes great changes in O2 and CO2 contain in alveolar air

  • includes the volume of air which reaches the alveoli

Explanation

Question 67 of 108

1

the correct statement is

Select one of the following:

  • the diffusion velocity of O2 and CO2 is equal

  • O2 diffuses 20 times faster than CO2

  • CO2 diffuses with 20 times higher velocity than CO2

  • the diffusion velocity of O2 is higher than that of CO2 when the concentration of O2 is increased

  • the diffusion velocity doesn't depend on cellular membrane permeability

Explanation

Question 68 of 108

1

oxygen debt is

Select one of the following:

  • the amount of O2 consumed after cessation of exercise

  • incurred because the pulmonary capillary walls limit O2 uptake during exercise

  • possible since skeletal muscle can function temporarily without oxygen

  • associated with a decrease in blood lactate

  • associated with metabolic alkalosis

Explanation

Question 69 of 108

1

the CO2 dissociation curve for whole blood shows that

Select one of the following:

  • its shape is sigmoid

  • blood saturates with CO2 when pCO2 exceeds normal alveolar levels

  • blood contains some CO2 even when the pCO2 is zero

  • oxygenation of the blood drives CO2 out of the blood

  • adding CO2 to the blood drives O2 out of the blood

Explanation

Question 70 of 108

1

bronchial asthma is likely to be relieved by

Select one of the following:

  • stimulation of cholinergic receptors

  • stimulation of beta adrenoreceptors

  • histamine aerosols

  • non steroidal anti-inflamatory drugs

  • mineralcorticoids

Explanation

Question 71 of 108

1

air in the pleural cavity (pneumothorax)

Select one of the following:

  • allows intrapleural pressure to rise and become equal to the atmospheric pressure

  • causes the underlying to collapse by compressing it

  • increases the functional residual capacity

  • leads to a slight inward movement of the chest wall

  • increases the vital capacity

Explanation

Question 72 of 108

1

loss of pulmonary elastic tissue in 'emphysema' reduces

Select one of the following:

  • physiological dead space

  • the surfactant

  • residual volume

  • vital capacity

  • the intrapleural pressure

Explanation

Question 73 of 108

1

complete obstruction of a major bronchus usually results in

Select one of the following:

  • collapse of the alveoli supplied by the bronchus

  • a rise in local intrapleural pressure

  • an increase in physiological dead space

  • an increase in blood flow to the lung tissue supplied by the bronchus

  • cyanosis

Explanation

Question 74 of 108

1

a shift of the oxygen dissociation curve of blood to the left

Select one of the following:

  • decreases the O2 content of blood at a given pO2

  • impairs O2 delivery to the tissues at the normal tissue pO2

  • occurs in blood perfusing hot extremities

  • occurs in blood with lower pH than with higher pH

  • is characteristic of adult blood when compared with fetal blood

Explanation

Question 75 of 108

1

a diver breathing air at depth of 30 metres under water

Select one of the following:

  • is exposed to a pressure equal to the surface

  • has a raised pressure of nitrogen in the alveoli

  • has a four fold increase in the oxygen content of blood

  • has a four fold increase in alveolar water vapour pressure

  • expends less energy than normal on the work of breathing

Explanation

Question 76 of 108

1

cyanosis

Select one of the following:

  • may be caused by high levels of carboxyhaemoglobin in the blood

  • may be caused by high levels of methaemoglobin in the blood

  • is seen in fingers of hands immersed in iced water

  • occurs more easily in anaemic than in polycythaemic patients

  • is severe in cyanide poisoning

Explanation

Question 77 of 108

1

histamine affects the bronchial muscles via

Select one of the following:

  • H1-receptors

  • H2 receptors

  • M-holinergic receptors

  • N-holinergic receptors

  • alpha-adrenergic receptors

Explanation

Question 78 of 108

1

coughing

Select one of the following:

  • is reflexly initiated by irritation of the alveoli

  • is associated with relaxation of airways smooth muscles

  • depends on contraction of the diaphragm for expulsion of air

  • differs from sneezing in that the glottis is initially closed

  • is equivalent of sneezing

Explanation

Question 79 of 108

1

the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system affects the bronchial muscles via

Select one of the following:

  • beta 2 adrenergic receptors

  • alpha 2 adrenergic receptors

  • M1 cholinergic receptors

  • N cholinergic receptors

  • none of the above

Explanation

Question 80 of 108

1

a 50% fall in the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio in each of lungs would

Select one of the following:

  • lower systemic arterial oxygen content

  • has no effect on the O2 in systemic circulation

  • increase the physiological dead space

  • lower systemic arterial carbon dioxide content

  • be compensated (with respect to oxygen uptake) by a high ratio in the other lung

Explanation

Question 81 of 108

1

the total amount of O2 carried by the circulation to the tissues/min. (oxygen delivery or total available oxygen)

Select one of the following:

  • normally equals the rate of O2 consumption by the body/min

  • is normally more than 95% combined with haemoglobin

  • must fall by about half if haemoglobin concentration is halved

  • is more closely related to PO2 than to percentage saturation of the blood with O2

  • must double if body oxygen consumption doubles

Explanation

Question 82 of 108

1

for air to enter the lungs during inspiration

Select one of the following:

  • the pressure inside the lungs must be higher than the atmospheric pressure

  • the pressure inside the lungs must become lower than the atmospheric pressure

  • the pressure inside the lungs must be equal to the atmospheric pressure

  • the diaphragm must be relaxed

  • the external intercostal muscles be relaxed

Explanation

Question 83 of 108

1

given: Co2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+, what happens if bicarbonate ions are increased

Select one of the following:

  • more carbon monoxide produced

  • more bicarbonate ions produced

  • an increase in protons

  • there would be a shift to the left

  • there would be a shift to the right first, then to the left

Explanation

Question 84 of 108

1

the values (mmHg) for pCO2 and pO2 in the interstitial spaces of peripheral tissues are approximately

Select one of the following:

  • 60;40

  • 40;60

  • 46;40

  • 66;46

  • 46;100

Explanation

Question 85 of 108

1

if forcefully exhaling as much air as possible after a normal breath, this is

Select one of the following:

  • tidal volume

  • expiratory reserve volume

  • maximum expiratory flow rate

  • eupnea

  • inspiratory reserve volume

Explanation

Question 86 of 108

1

which of the following reactions takes place in the systemic capillaries (where CO2 is higher and O2 is lower)?

Select one of the following:

  • Hb + O2 -> HbO2

  • Hb + CO2 -> HbCO2

  • HbCO2 -> Hb + CO2

  • H2CO3 -> HCO3- + H+

  • Na+ + HCO3- -> NaHCO3

Explanation

Question 87 of 108

1

water molecules on the surface of the alveoli generate surface tension. This force

Select one of the following:

  • inhibits alveolar collapse

  • assists pulmonary compliance

  • assists elastic recoil

  • resists elastic recoil

  • impairs gas exchange

Explanation

Question 88 of 108

1

what does the ventral respiratory group within the medulla oblongata do

Select one of the following:

  • triggers inspiration

  • decreased ventilation rate

  • nothing

  • triggers forced breathing

  • inhibits apneustic center, sets limit to over inflation of lungs

Explanation

Question 89 of 108

1

the region in the brain that sets the limit for over-inflation of lungs is located in the

Select one of the following:

  • pons

  • apneustic center

  • arterial blood chemistry

  • medulla oblongata

  • stretch receptors

Explanation

Question 90 of 108

1

in caissons disease pain in the joints and muscles is due to

Select one of the following:

  • formation of N2 bubbles

  • formation of CO2 bubbles

  • due to fatigue

  • due to increase in barometric pressure

  • formation of O2 bubbles

Explanation

Question 91 of 108

1

normal value of FEV in an adult is

Select one of the following:

  • 95%

  • 80%

  • 65%

  • 50%

  • 40%

Explanation

Question 92 of 108

1

the most important gas maintaining alveolar ventilation is

Select one of the following:

  • oxygen

  • hydrogen

  • carbon dioxide

  • N2

  • CO

Explanation

Question 93 of 108

1

intrapleural pressure

Select one of the following:

  • is higher than the atmospheric pressure one as in inspiration

  • is lower than the atmospheric one as in inspiration

  • is equal to the atmospheric one

  • does not depend on the water molecules

  • does not change when pleural cavity hermeticity is inpaired

Explanation

Question 94 of 108

1

as one ascends to higher than 3000 meters above sea level changes in alveolar pO2 and pCO2 are as follows

Select one of the following:

  • decrease in pO2, increase in pCO2

  • decrease in pO2, decrease in pCO2

  • increase in both pO2 and pCO2

  • increase in pO2, decrease in pCO2

  • no change in pO2 and pCO2

Explanation

Question 95 of 108

1

surfactant is secreted by

Select one of the following:

  • type 2 pneumatocytes

  • type 1 pneumatocytes

  • goblet cells

  • pulmonary vessels

  • bronchial smooth muscle cells

Explanation

Question 96 of 108

1

which of the following effects is not observed during prolonged stay is space

Select one of the following:

  • decrease in blood volume

  • decrease in muscle strength

  • increase in red cell mass

  • loss of bone mass

  • osteoporosis

Explanation

Question 97 of 108

1

airway resistance

Select one of the following:

  • increases in asthma

  • decreases in emphysema

  • increases in paraplegic patients

  • does not affect work of breathing

  • decreases in asthma

Explanation

Question 98 of 108

1

decrease of pCO2 decrease in H+ and increased pO2 causes

Select one of the following:

  • hyperventilation

  • hypoventilation

  • hypercapnoea

  • hypoxia

  • none of the above

Explanation

Question 99 of 108

1

the intrapleural pressure at the end of deep inspiration is

Select one of the following:

  • -4mmHg

  • +4mmHg

  • -6mmHg

  • +6mmHg

  • -10mmHg

Explanation

Question 100 of 108

1

exercise which doubles the metabolic rate is likely to at least double the

Select one of the following:

  • oxygen consumption

  • cardiac output

  • stroke volume

  • arterial pCO2

  • ventilation/ perfusion ratio

Explanation

Question 101 of 108

1

sudden complete obstruction of the respiratory tract causes

Select one of the following:

  • a fall in blood pressure

  • stimulation of central chemoreceptors

  • cyanosis

  • increased breathing

  • constriction of the pupils

Explanation

Question 102 of 108

1

the effects of moving from sea level to an altitude of 5000 metres include an increase in

Select one of the following:

  • alveolar ventilation

  • blood bicarbonate level

  • appetite for food

  • exercise tolerance

  • muscle strength

Explanation

Question 103 of 108

1

which of the following factors decrease the affinity of Hb to O2 in tissues

Select one of the following:

  • decreased pCO2

  • decreased pCO2 and lowered pH

  • lowered tO

  • increased pCO2 and lowered pH

  • decreased pCO2, higher pH and lowered tO

Explanation

Question 104 of 108

1

the bronchial muscles increase their tone under the influence of

Select one of the following:

  • adrenaline

  • noradrenaline

  • histamine

  • atropin

  • curare

Explanation

Question 105 of 108

1

the bronchial muscles dilate under the influence of

Select one of the following:

  • cateholamines

  • acetylcholine

  • histamine

  • bradikinine

  • serotonin

Explanation

Question 106 of 108

1

the pulmonary ventilation is a process that includes

Select one of the following:

  • only expiration

  • only inspiration

  • inspiration and expiration

  • exchange of O2 and CO2 via the capillary walls

  • transport of O2 and CO2 via blood

Explanation

Question 107 of 108

1

during inspiration

Select one of the following:

  • the water surface tension in alveoli decreases

  • the chest volume decreases and the diaphragm goes up

  • the tidal volume decreases

  • alveolar pressure increases

  • intrapleural pressure decreases

Explanation

Question 108 of 108

1

the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the capillary blood and the cells is carried out by

Select one of the following:

  • osmosis

  • diffusion

  • filtration

  • transport across pores

  • reabsorbtion

Explanation

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