Selah Lowery
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Spring 2020 Biology 102: Intro Bio:Biodiversity/Ecology

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Selah Lowery
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Biology 102, Exam 2

Question 1 of 42

1

There are 400 A1A1, 400 A1A2, and 200A2A2 individuals in a population. What are the allele frequencies?

Select one of the following:

  • 0.4 A1A1, 0.4 A1A2, 0.2 A2A2

  • 0.4 A1, 0.2 A2

  • 0.5 A1, 0.5 A2

  • 0.6 A1, 0.4 A2

Explanation

Question 2 of 42

1

In a randomly mating population with allele frequencies of 0.6 A1 and 0.4 A2, What are the expected genotypic frequencies in the next generation?

Select one of the following:

  • 0.36 A1 A1, 0.48 A1A2, and 0.16 A2A2

  • 0.36 A1 A1, 0.24 A1A2, and 0.16 A2A2

  • 0.6 A1 A1, 0.24 A1A2, and 0.4 A2A2

  • 0.6 A1 and 0.4 A2

Explanation

Question 3 of 42

1

In a sample from a population there are: 400 A1 A1, 400 A1A2, and 200 A2A2 individuals. Is this population in genetic equilibrium?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, because the genotype frequencies are 0.4 A1 A1, 0.4 A1A2, and 0.2 A2A2

  • Yes, because the allele frequencies sum to 1.

  • Probably not, because there are fewer heterozygotes than expected.

  • Probably not, because there are fewer homozygotes than expected.

Explanation

Question 4 of 42

1

In a sample the following phenotypes of snail shell color were observed: 230 Brown (BB), 740 Pink (BW), 30 Cream (WW). What are the frequencies of the B and W alleles?

Select one of the following:

  • B: 0.97; W 0.03

  • B: 0.91; W 0.09

  • B: 0.7; W 0.3

  • B. 0.6; W 0.4

Explanation

Question 5 of 42

1

In a sample the following phenotypes of snail shell color were observed: 230 Brown (BB), 740 Pink (BW), 30 Cream (WW). What are the expected genotype frequencies in the population?

Select one of the following:

  • BB: 0.23; BW: 0.74; WW: 0.03

  • BB: 0.36; BW: 0.48; WW: 0.16

  • BB: 0.46; BW: 0.37; WW: 0.17

Explanation

Question 6 of 42

1

In a sample the following phenotypes of snail shell color were observed: 230 Brown (BB), 740 Pink (BW), 30 Cream (WW). Is the population in genetic equilibrium?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, because it is a large sample.

  • Yes, because allele frequencies sum to 1.

  • No, because there are more homozygotes than expected.

  • No, because there are more heterozygotes than expected.

Explanation

Question 7 of 42

1

In a sample from a large population there are: 6 A1 A1, 8 A1A2, and 6 A2A2 individuals. Is this population in genetic equilibrium?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Yes, because the allele frequencies are 0.5 A1 and 0.5 A2.

  • No, because there are more heterozygotes than expected.

  • Maybe.

  • Maybe not.

  • Cannot determine from this data.

Explanation

Question 8 of 42

1

What are the basic entities or units of evolutionary change-- what is it that evolves?

Select one of the following:

  • Individuals

  • Families

  • Populations

  • Species

Explanation

Question 9 of 42

1

Which of the following was the first to propose the idea of biological evolution?

Select one of the following:

  • Plato

  • Aristotle

  • Lamarck

  • Darwin

  • We don't know.

Explanation

Question 10 of 42

1

Formal biological taxonomy, developing the general form that we still use, began in the 18th century with the work of:

Select one of the following:

  • Darwin

  • Hutton

  • Lamarck

  • Linnaeus

Explanation

Question 11 of 42

1

According to Lamarck’s hypothesis giraffes evolved long necks because:

Select one of the following:

  • of natural selection.

  • they acquire mutations during development.

  • of the higher fitness of long‐neck giraffes relative to short‐neck ones.

  • giraffes stretch their necks while feeding, and the elongation from this stretching is passed on to their offspring.

Explanation

Question 12 of 42

1

A major contribution of Darwin’s geological and paleontological predecessors and contemporaries to the development of his thought was the idea of:

Select one of the following:

  • natural selection.

  • survival of the fittest.

  • the great age of Earth.

  • inheritance of acquired characteristics.

  • lineage diversification.

Explanation

Question 13 of 42

1

Cotton‐topped tamarins are small primates with tufts of long white hair on their heads. While studying these creatures, you notice that males with longer hair get more opportunities to mate and father more offspring. To test the hypothesis that having longer hair is adaptive in these males, you should:

Select one of the following:

  • Test whether other traits in these males are also adaptive

  • Look for evidence of hair in ancestors of tamarins

  • Determine if hair length is heritable

  • Test whether males with shaved heads are still able to mate

Explanation

Question 14 of 42

1

Which of the following is not a part of Darwin’s mechanism of biological evolution?

Select one of the following:

  • Over production of offspring.

  • Acquiring adaptations because they are needed.

  • Differential reproductive success.

  • Heritable variation.

Explanation

Question 15 of 42

1

What is perhaps occurring in a large population with genotype frequencies AA: 0.2, Aa: 0.2, aa: 0.6?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Mutation

  • Inbreeding

  • Genetic drift

  • Selection

  • Gene flow

Explanation

Question 16 of 42

1

What is most likely occurring in a very small population with genotype frequencies AA: 0.2, Aa: 0.2, aa: 0.6?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Mutation

  • Inbreeding

  • Genetic drift

  • Selection

  • Gene flow

Explanation

Question 17 of 42

1

What is most likely occurring in a large population with genotype frequencies AA: 0.2, Aa: 0.2, aa: 0.6?

Select one of the following:

  • Mutation

  • Inbreeding

  • Genetic drift

  • Selection

  • Gene flow

Explanation

Question 18 of 42

1

Natural selection operates primarily at the level of:

Select one of the following:

  • Genes

  • Individuals

  • Population

  • Species

  • Communities

Explanation

Question 19 of 42

1

What do artificial selection and natural selection have in common?

Select one of the following:

  • There must be heritable genetic variation on which selection can operate.

  • Mutation must be occurring.

  • Nothing.

Explanation

Question 20 of 42

1

Differential reproductive success is equivalent to:

Select one of the following:

  • Evolution

  • Natural selection

  • Competition

  • Adaptation

Explanation

Question 21 of 42

1

If there are no fitness differences among individuals in a population:

Select one or more of the following:

  • The individuals are well adapted.

  • Mutation will cause variation in the population to increase.

  • Natural selection cannot occur.

Explanation

Question 22 of 42

1

What are species?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Populations whose members are morphologically distinct from those of other populations.

  • Populations which are reproductively isolated from other populations for a long period of time.

  • The tips of divergent evolutionary lineages-- the smallest monophyletic groups on a phylogenetic tree.

Explanation

Question 23 of 42

1

What do the different species concepts have in common?

Select one of the following:

  • All are used to try to identify evolutionarily independent populations.

  • All focus on reproductive isolating mechanisms.

  • None can be applied to fossil organisms.

  • Except as criteria for naming species they have nothing in common.

Explanation

Question 24 of 42

1

For which group/taxon does the biological species concept not apply especially well?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Humans

  • Bacteria

  • Dinosaurs

  • Flowering plants

  • Fossil diatoms

Explanation

Question 25 of 42

1

Speciation results from:

Select one of the following:

  • Gene flow and genetic divergence.

  • Gene flow and genetic isolation.

  • Genetic isolation and genetic divergence.

Explanation

Question 26 of 42

1

What does “allopatric” mean?

Select one of the following:

  • Having different alleles.

  • Having different genes.

  • In different places.

  • In the same place.

Explanation

Question 27 of 42

1

Allopatric speciation begins with:

Select one of the following:

  • Geographical isolation.

  • Genetic divergence.

  • Genetic drift.

Explanation

Question 28 of 42

1

What is another term for genetic isolation?

Select one of the following:

  • Geographical isolation

  • Reproductive isolation

Explanation

Question 29 of 42

1

The most important evolutionary mechanisms in allopatric speciation are:

Select one of the following:

  • Natural selection and postzygotic reproductive isolation.

  • Natural selection and genetic drift.

  • Natural selection and nonrandom mating.

  • Mutation and nonrandom mating.

Explanation

Question 30 of 42

1

What happens when formerly geographically isolated populations come together?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Reinforcement maintains reproductive isolation.

  • The two gene pools fuse, becoming one.

  • A hybrid zone forms.

  • A new species evolves.

  • One population/gene pool goes extinct.

Explanation

Question 31 of 42

1

If two formerly geographically isolated bird species/populations come into contact and readily interbreed, but the hybrid eggs do not hatch, what is most likely to happen?

Select one of the following:

  • Selection will act on both populations to produce hybrid embryos that hatch.

  • Selection will operate to increase prezygotic isolation of the two species/populations.

  • Prezygotic isolating mechanisms such as mating calls or behavioral differences between the two populations/species will decrease.

  • Postzygotc isolation between the two populations/species will decrease.

Explanation

Question 32 of 42

1

What does “sympatric” mean?

Select one of the following:

  • Having similar alleles.

  • Having similar genes.

  • In different places.

  • In the same place.

Explanation

Question 33 of 42

1

Which mode of selection often plays an especially important part in sympatric speciation?

Select one of the following:

  • Directional

  • Disruptive/ Diversifying

  • Sexual

  • Stabilizing

Explanation

Question 34 of 42

1

What are phylogenies?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Models depicting evolutionary mechanisms.

  • Hypotheses of evolutionary relationships among taxa.

  • Graphical representation of morphological similarities.

  • “Maps” of evolutionary relationships.

Explanation

Question 35 of 42

1

The three domains of life are

Select one of the following:

  • Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

  • Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

  • Ecosystems, Organisms, and Cells

  • Plants, fungi, animals, and protists

Explanation

Question 36 of 42

1

Nodes in a graphical phylogenetic hypothesis (cladogram):

Select one or more of the following:

  • Represent the shared common ancestor of a clade.

  • Identify the point of divergence of lineages in a clade.

  • Identify a clade’s analogous structures.

Explanation

Question 37 of 42

1

Which would be most useful in elucidating phylogeny (relatedness)?

Select one of the following:

  • Homologies.

  • Analogies.

  • Both are equally useful.

  • Neither are very useful for inferring relatedness.

Explanation

Question 38 of 42

1

Homologous structures reflect:

Select one of the following:

  • Shared ancestry.

  • Similarity of function.

  • Convergent evolution.

Explanation

Question 39 of 42

1

Analogous structures reflect:

Select one or more of the following:

  • Shared ancestry.

  • Similarity of function.

  • Convergent evolution.

Explanation

Question 40 of 42

1

The bones of the flipper of a penguin (bird) and a dolphin (mammal) – both tetrapods – are_____; the functional flippers are______ .

Select one of the following:

  • analogous; homologous

  • analogous; analogous also

  • homologous; analogous

  • homologous; homologous also

Explanation

Question 41 of 42

1

Sea snakes, which are reptiles, are similar in body form to eels, which are fish. Sea snakes and eels therefore share a______ body form.

Select one of the following:

  • analogous

  • homologous

  • ancestral

  • monophyletic

Explanation

Question 42 of 42

1

The phylogenetic hypothesis most likely to be correct is the one:

Select one of the following:

  • With the fewest homologies.

  • With the fewest analogies.

  • With the most analogies.

  • With the most homologies.

Explanation

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