Forensic medicine is a branch of medicine that
applies the principles and knowledge of the medical sciences to problems in the field of surgery
applies the principles and knowledge of the medical sciences to problems in the field of law
applies the principles and knowledge of the medical sciences to problems in the field of microbiology
The Forensic Pathologist can determine
cause of death, mechanism of death and manner of death
cause of death and manner of death
mechanism of death and manner of death
If the mechanism of death is asphyxia, the cause of death is
stabbing
strangulation
gunshot
The manner of death by gunshot could be
accidental or homicidal
homicidal or suicidal
accidental, homicidal or suicidal
In which of the following cases forensic autopsy is applicable
violent deaths
all kinds of death
death in hospital
Which are the components of the forensic autopsy
crime scene investigation, autopsy and laboratory
laboratory and crime scene investigation
autopsy and laboratory
An autopsy includes
internal examination
both internal and external examination
external examination
Types of violent deaths are
accidents, suicides and homicides
accidents and homicides
suicides and homicides
When the mechanism of death is loss of blood, the cause of death is
hanging
Asphyxia refers to a state in which the body becomes deprived of
carbon dioxide while in excess of oxygen
oxygen while in excess of carbon dioxide
oxygen and carbon dioxide
glucose in the blood
The categories of asphyxial death are
neck compression and chest compression
neck compression, chest compression, positional asphyxia, airway obstruction and exhaustion or displacement of environmental oxygen
neck compression
chest compression
The mechanisms of death by neck compression are
compression of the jugular veins and of the carotid arteries, airway obstruction and cardiac arrhythmia
injuries to the larynx
intramuscular bleeding
intimal carotid artery laceration
Internal appearance of strangulation is
facial edema
congestion and cyanosis of the face
petechial hemorrhages in the skin
The time interval of compression on the neck to loss of consciousness is approximately
20 sec if one of the carotid arteries is compressed and a minute if only the jugulars are compressed
10 sec if both carotid arteries are compressed and two minutes if only the jugulars are compressed
10 sec if both carotid arteries are compressed and a minute if only the jugulars are not compressed
10 sec if both carotid arteries are compressed and a minute if only the jugulars are compressed
Where a constricting band is tightened around the neck, there is usually gross congestion, cyanosis and petechiae in the face if the pressure is maintained for more than about
20 seconds
10 seconds
5 seconds
15 seconds
The categories of strangulation are
manual strangulation and ligature
manual strangulation, ligature and hanging
ligature and hanging
manual strangulation and hanging
Cardiac arrhythmia is a mechanism whereby pressure over the carotid artery at the carotid sinus provokes
petechial haemorrhages
hypocapnea
bradycardia
tachycardia
The mark most often tends to encircle the neck horizontally and at a lower level in cases of
strangulation by ligature
manual strangulation
positional asphyxia
The fingernail marks indicate
This scheme shows
Hanging which involves free swinging results in an almost instantaneous death due to
pressure on the laryngeal prominence
sudden pressure on the neck arteries
decreased pressure on the neck arteries
increased pressure on the laryngo-pharynx
A wound is a ................. produced by external mechanical force
leakage of blood from ruptured small vessels into the surrounding tissues
disruption of the continuity of tissues
portion of the body surface, which has been moved by rubbing
A blunt force injury is any bodily damage resulting from
forceful contact between the body and a blunt object
forceful contact between the body and a sharp object
forceful contact between the body and chemicals
The only mechanism of blunt force trauma (BFT) is
a moving object stinking the body
a moving body striking a fixed object or surface
a moving object striking the body or a moving body striking a fixed object or surface
These three blunt force injuries - abrasions, bruises and lacerations
may occur singly or together in any combination
occur singly
occur only together
Bruises occur when the elastic limit, the tolerance of subcutaneous blood vessels is exceeded
so that they tear and bleed
so that they become congested
so that they shrink and remain intact
The bruise is
a leakage of blood from ruptured small vessels into the surrounding tissues
the settling of blood into the lowermost blood vessels under gravity after the circulation ceases
injuries involving superficial layers of the skin the epidermis or mucus membrane
Tramline bruising is due to impact with
an object with multiwall angles
a spherical object
a rod shaped weapon or stick
The bruises usually disappear after
14-15 days
3-5 days
3-4 days
The colour of a bruise depends on the colour of
the skin
pigments released by degeneration of red blood cells
the impacting object
One of the differences between the lividity and the bruise is
that the bruise appears over the site of injury and lividity appears depending on the part of the body
that lividity appears over the site of injury and the bruise appears depending on the part of the body
that the bruise appears opposite the site of injury and lividity appears depending on the part of the body
An abrasion is an area of crushing, loss of skin or mucous membrane due to
contact with chemicals
contact with radiation
impact against some hard, blunt and rough object
Abrasions bleed only slightly, heal quickly and
leave a scar
leave no scar
sometimes leave a scar
Tangential impact between an object and the skin causes a typical graze in which the superficial skin layers are most often
scraped off and piled up as skin tags at the far end of the injury
scraped off and piled up as skin tags at the near end of the injury
scraped off and piled up as skin tags at both ends of the injury
A scratch is a linear abrasion produced by drawing a sharp point
only over the surface of mucous membrane
only over the surface of the skin
the surface of the skin or mucous membrane
The tissue bridges are found in
abrasions
bruisies
depth of lacerated wounds
Early post-mortem change is
body cooling
putrefaction
mummification
rigor mortis
livor mortis
Late post-mortem change is
adipocere
The "Spot of the Larche” is
dark discoloration of a portion of sclera exposed to air
hemorrhage associated with strangulation
bruise ,"black eye”
Algor mortis is
stiffening of the muscles after death
cooling of the body after death
settling of blood into the lowermost blood vessels under gravity after death
Rigor mortis is
Livor mortis is
Putrefaction is
due to hydrogenation and hydrolysis of body fat
due to dehydration and desiccation of the tissues and the organs
post-mortem destruction of the soft tissues of the body by the action of bacteria (bacterial action) and endogenous enzymes (autolysis)
Adipocere is
Mummification is
Firearm injuries occur when
someone is hit with the handle of a pistol
someone is shot by a bullet or other sort of projectile from a firearm
someone is hit with the handle of a rifle
The kinetic energy of a bullet is proportional to mass and
velocity
deformation of projectiles
fragmentation of projectiles
The projectiles may be classified according to their speed as
low velocity (<300 m/second) or high velocity (>300 m/second)
low velocity (<400 m/second) or high velocity (>400 m/second)
low velocity (<500 m/second) or high velocity (>500 m/second)
The classification of firearms
a rifled firearm and a smooth bore firearm
a rifled firearm, smooth bore firearm, air or gas operated firearm and country made firearm
air or gas operated firearm and country made firearm
The function of the case of the cartridge is
it expands and seals chamber against rearward escape of gases
it explodes on compression igniting the propellant
it burns to produce large volumes of gases under pressure
The function of the primer of the cartridge is
it explodes on compression igniting the powder
The function of the gun powder of the cartridge is
The function of the bullet or pellets of the cartridge is
it is the part which exits the muzzle
The wound ballistics is
the study of projectile penetration of solids
the study of projectiles in the air
the study of projectile penetration of tissues
The wounding potential depends on
the weight of projectile only
the velocity of projectiles
the projectile’s deformation only
An entry wound is
a wound produced by a projectile as it enters the body
a wound produced by a projectile as it exits the body
a path traversed by the projectile in the body
An exit wound is
The track is
Projectiles disrupt tissues by the following principal mechanisms:
permanent cavity formation and projectile deformation
temporary cavity formation and projectile fragmentation
permanent cavity formation and temporary cavity formation
Secondary wounding mechanisms may include
bullet
discharge gases
pellet
flame
smoke
gun powder particles
Secondary wounding mechanisms may include:
secondary projectiles such as shattered bone fragments
Skin surface characteristic of gunshot (bullet) wound is
skin defect
exit wound
entry wound
Skin surface characteristic of gunshot (bullet) wounds is
abraded margin
grey ring
smudging
Singeing
Exit wound
Entry wound
tattooing
muzzle impression
Contact range of fire of bullet wound is when
the range is within the distance travelled by flame
muzzle is in contact with body
the range is within the distance travelled by unburnt or burnt gun powder burns
Close range of fire of bullet wound is when
Near range of fire of bullet wound is when
Distant range of fire of bullet wound is when
the range is beyond the range of flame, smoke and gun powder burns
Choose ONE INCORRECT answer The following terms are often used as synonyms of mechanical asphyxia
suffocation
throttling
smothering
passing out
choking
Choose ONE INCORRECT answer The categories of asphyxial death are
rupture of capillaries
airway obstruction
exhaustion or displacement of environmental oxygen
Choose ONE INCORRECT answer The classical signs of asphyxia are
traumatic skin injury
congestion of the face
facial oedema
cyanosis
petechial haemorrhages in the skin and eyes etc
The scheme shows types of hanging /typical and atypical / on the basis of position of body. Which type is INCORRECT?
position A is an atypical hanging
position A is a typical hanging
position C is an atypical hanging
position D is an atypical hanging
positions E and B are atypical hangings
This scheme shows types of hanging /typical and atypical / on the basis of position of knot. Which type is incorrect:
position B is an atypical hanging
Choose one INCORRECT answer The feature of sexual asphyxia is
this hypoxia is achieved by constriction of the neck by ligature which can be voluntary tightened and loosened
the most common feature is a ligature connected to some compression device of the
hands and feet which releases the ligature upon relaxing the legs and hands
malfunctions in this release lead to accidental ligature death
the mechanical fixation of the chest
the basic mechanism is the production of cerebral hypoxia
Choose one INCORRECT answer The feature of traumatic asphyxia is
the presence of the ligature mark
eyes and sclera are engorged with blood to a point of obliterating the whites of the eyes
signs include face and neck grossly discoloured
it shows the most evident signs of classical asphyxia
Choose one INCORRECT answer The mechanism of Blunt force trauma (BFT) is
a moving object striking the body
a flow of current which may cause localised burn if resistance is high
Choose one INCORRECT answer The mechanical force may cause
heat or cold
impact
traction
Choose one INCORRECT answer The causes of a bruise - “black eye” are
fractured jaw
fist blow to orbit or nose
tracking from forehead bruise or fractured skull basis
Choose one INCORRECT answer Tramline bruising is due to impact with
a stick
a truncheon
a fist
The main medicolegal considerations of a bruise are
nature of agent used
indicate some peculiar offence
direction of impact
Choose one INCORRECT answer Abrasions have the following characteristics
heal without scarring
heal by scabbing
Choose one INCORRECT answer Lacerated wounds have the following characteristics
have ragged edges
have tissue bridges in depth of wound
Choose one INCORRECT answer The lacerated wound is due to impact with
a knife
Choose one INCORRECT answer Early post-mortem change is
Choose one INCORRECT answer Late post-mortem change is
Choose one INCORRECT answer The "Spot of the Larche” is
a dark discoloration of a portion of sclera exposed to air
a hemorrhage associated with strangulation
due to drying
Choose one INCORRECT answer The dead body loses its heat by
conduction
bleeding
convection
Choose one INCORRECT answer Cooling of the body after death is
an early post-mortem change
due to chemical changes in the myoplasm
due to the transmission of the heat from warmer body to the cooler environment
Choose one INCORRECT answer Rigor mortis is
a late post-mortem change
the stiffening of the muscles
Choose one INCORRECT answer Livor mortis is
due to the settling of blood into the lowermost blood vessels under gravity after the circulation ceases
Choose one INCORRECT answer Livor mortis
may not develop at all if the body is tossed and turned continuously as seen in fast flowing waters of rivers or the sea
is a late post-mortem change
disperses with the onset of putrefaction
Choose one INCORRECT answer Putrefaction
is the post-mortem destruction of the soft tissues of the body by the action of bacteria (bacterial action) and endogenous enzymes (autolysis)
is due to hydrogenation and hydrolysis of body fat
Choose one INCORRECT answer Adipocere
Choose one INCORRECT answer Mummification
helps in identification, as the general facial features are preserved
usually requires 3 to 6 months
helps in recognizing the presence of wounds
is an early post-mortem change
is due to dehydration and desiccation of the tissues and the organs
Choose one INCORRECT answer The time since death may be determined by
degree and distribution of the post-mortem changes
bladder content and gastric emptying time
healing of the damages
Choose one INCORRECT answer An incised wound is
a clean division of the full thickness of skin (or other tissue) under the pressure of a sharp-edged instrument
longer than it is deep due to swipe action
the injury involving superficial layers of the skin the epidermis or mucus membrane, due to impact against some hard, blunt, & rough object
Choose one INCORRECT answer The sharp-edged weapon causes cutting or stabbing and may cause
incised wounds
stab wounds
lacerated wounds
Choose one INCORRECT answer The characters of incised wounds are
presence of tissue bridges in depth of wound
clean cut, well-defined margins
bleed more
Choose one INCORRECT answer The forensic aspects of an incised wounds are
incised wounds reflect sharp edge, not weapon type
incised wounds may only be assault
incised wounds may cause profuse external haemorrhage and air embolism
Choose one INCORRECT answer Defence wounds result from
the immediate and instinctive reaction of the victims to save themselves by raising the arm to prevent the attack
testing of the weapon by attacker
the immediate and instinctive reaction of the victims to save themselves by grasping the weapon
Choose one INCORRECT answer Hesitation wounds
are often on fingers, hands, forearms of victim acquired in attempt to ward off blows or to grab weapon
are shallow
are made before deeper fatal wounds in a suicide, often parallel or close to fatal wounds
Choose one INCORRECT answer A chop object is
razor
axe
adze
Choose one INCORRECT answers Penetrating injuries may be caused by
thrusting of sharp and flat instrument
thrusting of sharp and thin instrument
chopping motion made with a fairly sharp & relatively heavy weapon
Choose one INCORRECT answer Adequate description of the stab wound may provide vital information about the
type of dressing of the victim
type of weapon
movement of knife in wound
Choose one INCORRECT answer Stab wound length is shorter than blade width as a result of
"rocking" of knife on withdrawal
stretching of skin over point on insertion and subsequent recoil on withdrawal
tapered blade not fully inserted
Choose one INCORRECT answer Stab wound length is greater than blade width as a result of
blade does not pass straight in and out - entry and withdrawal at angle
Choose one INCORRECT answer Shape of stab wound may indicate
movement of knife blade
cross-sectional shape of knife blade
longitudinal-sectional shape of knife blade
Choose one INCORRECT answer The characteristics of a contact entry wound are the following
it is generally large and cruciate (stellate or star-shaped) due to explosive effects of the gases liberated
the imprint of the muzzle of the weapon may be found stamped on the skin
tattooing is plentiful
Choose one INCORRECT answer Close entry wound characteristics are following
the wound appears as a circular hole surrounded by singeing and smudging
abrasion collar, grey ring and tattooing may be present
Choose one INCORRECT answer Near entry wound characteristics are following
singeing of hair is absent
abrasion collar, grey ring and tattooing are present
Choose one INCORRECT answer The characteristics of a distant entry wound are the following
skin defect typically with abraded margin
skin defect typically with grey ring
Choose one INCORRECT answer The differences between entry and exit wounds are the following
edges of the entry wound are inverted, unlike exit wounds
tissues of the exit wound are often saturated with carbon monoxide and therefore cherry red in colour unlike entry wounds
abrasion collar, grey ring and tattooing of the entry wound may be present unlike exit wounds
Choose one INCORRECT answer The medicolegal aspects of firearm injuries are
kind of firearm used
company producer of the weapon
direction of fire
range of firing
cause of death