1. elevated protein could mean?
meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral vascular accident, brain tumor and MS

2. What condition would there be an expected increased level of serum albumin?
dehydration

3. What is useful in early stages of glomerular dysfunction?
Microalbumin

4. Characteristics of cardiac troponin (cTnI) as it relates to AMI?
TNI is detectable 4-6 hours after onset of chest pain, reaches peak concentration at 12 hrs and can remain high for 3-10 days after MI

5. In a healthy person what protein fraction has the greatest concentration in serum?
Albumin then IgG

6. What plasma protein does liver manufacture?
Albumin- haptoglobin-fibrinogen

7. Which Immunoglobulin class characterized by its posession of a secretory component, is found in the saliva, tears and body secretions?
IgA

8. Which immunoglobulin is able to cross the placenta from the mother to the fetus?
IgG

9. What is the acute phase reactant protein that is able to inhibit enzymatic proteolysis and has the highest concentration of any of the plasma preolytic inhibitors?
AA- alpha antitrypsin

10. Which protein is normally produced by the fetus, but found in increased amounts in the amniotic fluid in cases of spina bifida?
AFP

11. Technique used to quantify specific immunoglobulin classes?
EIA, nephelotometry, turbidimetry

12. What is associated w carcioembryonic antigen?
CEA- tumor marker for colorectal, GI, lung and breast carcinoma

13. In cases of hepatoma, which protein not normally found in adult serum is synthesized by liver cells?
AFP

14. Characteristics of prostate specific antigen?
PSA- tumor marker
-single chain glycoprotein
-serum quantified using immunoassays

15. Oncofetal antigen that is elevated in nonmucinous epithelial ovarian cancer?
CA125- increased in ovarian cancer

16. Asialyated lewis blood group antigen associated w colorectal carcinoma?
CA19-9- increased in colorectal carninoma

17. elevations of serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein is associated w?
-testicular germ cell tumor
-pancreatic carcinoma
-gastric carcinoma
- hepatocellular carninoma (hepatoma)

18. Whats associated w chronic gonadotropin?
elevated BHCG- confirms pregnancy
-tumor marker for testicular cancer
- Beta subunit confers immunogenic specificity

19. What tumor markers are elevated in more advanced stages of breast cancer?
CA15-3, CA549

20. "Big 4" malignancies of cancer?
-lung, colon, breast and prostate

21. leading cause of death cancer in men and woman?
lung cancer

22. What is a tumor marker?
lab test used in cancer detection, diagnosis and monitoring

23. Phases of cancer?
-induction, in site, invasion and dissemination

24. what phase in cancer may last 30 yrs or longer ?
induction

25. during dissemination the common sites of distant metastases are?
lung, liver and bone

26. Ideal tumor marker criteria?
- serum level reflects tumor burden
- precedes and predicts cancer before they are clinically detectable
- levels not subject to "wild fluctuations" unrelated to progress of cancer

27. when establishing decision threshold for tumor marker, lowering decision level will improve what ?
-dignostic sensitivity and generate increased false positive results

28. What are the major roles for tumor markers in managing patients w potential or actual malignancy?
-assessment of potential cancer risk
-confirm the patient has cancer
-staging a cancer

29. examples of tumor markers used for managing patients with cancer?
CEA, PSA, AFP, CA125

30. Primary application of CEA ?
Colon

31. what is CA125 useful for diagnosing?
ovarian cancer

32. Most commonly diagnosed cancer among older men in the US?
prostate

33. what has been attributed to increased incedence of prostate cancer?
-Inensive screening efforts
- aging of population
- heightened public awareness

34. Commonly diagnostic tests for PSA?
-measuring serum PSA, digital rectal exam, transurethral ultrasound

35. PSA?
-single chain glycoprotein proteolytic enzyme belonging to the kallikrein family

36. What form is PSA usually found in healthy men?
most serum PSA is complexed w ACT or w alpha 2 macroglobulin in healthy men.

37. characteristic of all commercial PSA assays?
use a double antibody sandwhich procedure.

38. PPV serum PSA above 4.0 ng/mL is about?
the positive predicted value of serum PSA> 4.0ng/mL is 25% early prostate cancer on biopsy

39. What level of PSA would trigger further investigation and why ?
at or above 4.0 ng/mL

40. patient w T3 prostate cancer has primary tumor of?
primary tumor that extends through the prostate capsule

41. what does megastatic prostate cancer frequently involve?
the bone

42. most common side effect of treatment for prostate cancer?
incompetent ( cant get erection) and incontinent( cant control pee)

43. Which hormone can detect ovulation by immunoassay?
LH

44. What disorders will myeloglobin be elevated?
acute MI, renal failure, vigourous excercise

45. Recommended Diatary Allowance
recommends dietary nutrients required to meet the needs of most healthy pple

46. What patient population can be associated with increased risk for malnutrition?
cancer patients, geriatric, decreased birth weight babies, abdominal surgery patients, and alcoholics

47. which serum proteins are most useful as markers for malnutrion?
prealbumin and albumin

48. Chronic alcoholism is associated w a high risk for?
malnutrition

49. alpha fetoprotein
marker for hepatacellular and germ cell carcinoma. plasma protein made by fetus

50. what would serum alpha feto protein levels be requested for?
DX: spina fibida and hepatacellular carcinoma

	Created by Stacym09 about 11 years ago

Chemistry Rotation Note on Week 2 Enzymes and Proteins, created by Stacym09 on 25/09/2013.