Flashcards on Unit 1.2 Transport, created by 09snjie on 23/03/2015.
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Created by 09snjie
over 9 years ago
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Created by 09snjie
over 9 years ago
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1.2
What substances do organisms need and why
How can organisms absorb these substances
What waste products from their metabolic reactions within the cytoplasm do organisms need to remove
What type of organisms have a large surface area to volume ratio
What type of SA to V ratio do multi celluar organisms have
Why do larger organisms need special exchange surfaces
Features of a good exchange surface
What do all these features maintain
What mechanism do some exchange surfaces use to increase exchange
Example of a specialized exchange surface
What are the lungs
Describe the path of the airway through the lungs and where gas is exchanged
How do people ventilate
Where does all gaseous exchange in the lungs take place
How does O2 get exchanged
How does CO2 get exchanged
Features of a good exchange surface
Why do exchange surface need a large surface area
Why are the alveoli sufficient despite being very small
Why is a steep diffusion gradient necessary
How is a steep diffusion gradient maintained
Summary of blood transport system
How does the heart pump blood through to the lungs
how are the lungs adapted to reduce diffusion distance
Summary of how breathing movements of the lung ventilate the lungs
Describe inspiration (inhaling)
Describe expiration (exhaling)
What do the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles pass air into
What requirements must the airways meet in order to be effective
Which two airway structures have similar structures but differ in size
Which airway structures have several layers of tissue
Structure and features of trachea
Structure and features of Bronchi
Structure and features of bronchioles
What is the role of the cartilage tissue
Role of smooth muscle
Role of Elasitic fibres
Role of Goblet cells and Glandular tissue
Role of Ciliated epithelium
What is breathing
Tidal Volume definition
Vital capacity
Residual Volume
Dead space
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
What does the spirometer trace look like
How is a spirometer used to measure lung volume
How can the different elements of lung volume be shown using spirometer
What gas can build up when breathing into and out of a spirometer
What type of lime is used to absorb the CO2
What do all animal cells need a supply of in order to survive
What are the three main factors that affect the need for a transport system
How does size affect the need for a transport system
How does the SA to Volume ratio affect the need for a transport system
How does level of activity affect the need for a transport system
What are the features of a good transport system
Example of an animal with a single circulatory system
Example of an animal type with a double circulatory system
How does the fish single circulatory system work
How does the mammal double circulatory system work
What are the two circuits for the double circulatory system
How are S.C.Systems efficient for fish
How are D.C.Systems efficient for mammals
Conditions in fish S.C.System
Conditions in mammal D.C.System
2
What is the mammalian heart and how is it divided
What does the right hand side pump
What does the left hand side pump
How is blood moved along the arteries
External features of heart
Internal features of heart
What happens when the muscle of each chamber contracts
Why is the muscle of the atria thin
Which ventricle is thicker and why
Stages of contraction in cardiac cycle
Why is important that the chambers of the heart all contract in a coordinated fashion
What is the cardiac cycle
What happens during the Filling phase and what is it known as
What happens during the Atrial contraction and what is it known as
What happens during ventricular contraction and what is it known as
How do valves work
What causes the AV Valves to open
Where does blood entering the heart flow straight through
What happens to the pressure in the atria and ventricles as they fill
Do the valves remain open or closed while the atria contract
As the ventrticles begin to contract does the pressure of blood in the ventricles rise or fall
In what direction does the blood start to move, when the pressure in the ventricles rises above that in the atria
How does this upwards movement prevent blood flowing back into the atria
When the ventricles start to contract, is the pressure higher in the major arteries or in the ventricles
What effect does this have on SV valves (ventricles contracting)
Why does the pressure inside the ventricles rise quickly as they contract
What leads to the semilunar valves being pushed open
In what state of pressure is blood forced out of the ventricles
What happens to the heart muscle once the ventricle walls have finished contracting
Role of elastic tissues in ventricular walls after contraction & as a result what does it cause
What happens once the pressure in the ventricles drops below pressure in the major arteries
What does the closing of the SV valves prevent
What sound does the heart make
What is the first sound 'Lub' a result of
What is the second sound 'Dup' a result of
The shutting of which valve is louder (not due to blood accumulating in their pockets)
