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Name three major groups of carbohydrates?
Give two examples of each of these groups of carbohydrates?
Which monosaccharide has a slower rate of uptake from the digestive tract?
The digestion of disaccharides occurs mainly in which location?
The digestive enzymes which achieve this are collectively known as ………
What is the name of the key enzyme involved in the breakdown of
polysaccharides?
Which two places is this enzyme produced?
By which transport mechanism are monosaccharide’s taken over the
basolateral border and into portal circulation?
Glucose is up taken into cells via ………
What is the name of the transporter which is regulated by insulin?
In which locations are GLUT4 found?
Which three nutrients are required for the insulin receptor to function?
What is the name of the transporter in the brain?
Name two groups of simple lipids?
Name two groups of compound lipids?
.How are long-chained fatty acids assisted over the brush border and explain
how this is accomplished?
How are LC FAs transported through the enterocytes?
How do these larger lipids then travel through circulation and why are these
necessary?
Which enzyme hydrolyses these particles, allowing the lipids to be released
into tissues?
How do short chained fatty acids travel through circulation?
What is the major storage site for triaclyglycerols?
What effect can insulin have on these stores?
Name four essential and four non-essential amino acids?
Which are absorbed faster – peptides or free amino acids?
What two mechanisms are utilised to transport free amino acids across the
basolateral border? What reason may designate the use of one transport over
the other?
Within intestinal cells, amino acids may be used for the synthesis of what four
compounds?
What group of enzymes hydrolyse protein?
.Name three types of protein hydrolyzing enzymes that function in the small
intestine?
What syndrome allows small oligopeptides to enter circulation via paracellular
or intercellular routes, which can cause inflammatory reactions?
Name two carrier systems which transport amino acids into the liver?
Name 3 types of plasma proteins?
Name three nitrogen-containing compounds which the liver synthesizes from
amino acids?
Name two forms of vitamin C, one acid and one alkaline?
What substance is necessary to reform ascorbate from dehydroascorbate and
is essential for vitamin C metabolism?
Is the absorption of vitamin C influenced by intake concentrations?
Name 2 antagonists of vitamin C?
Which cells have the highest concentration of vitamin C?
Vitamin C is necessary to activate which enzyme responsible for energy
production and collagen synthesis?
Name two co-enzyme forms of thiamine?
Name three foods which contain anti-thiamine factors?
.Name two substances which prevent the destruction of vitamin B1?
What are the group of enzymes which break the phosphate bonds with
thiamine prior to absorption?
In high concentrations of B1 ingestion, by what mechanism does transport over
the brush border occur?
.By what mechanism does the uptake of B1 occur into cells?
What are the two co-enzyme forms of riboflavin?
Name three antagonists of vitamin B2?
Which protein carrier transports majority of B2 through circulation?
The highest concentrations of B2 exist in which organs?
Name the two active coenzyme forms of niacin?
Vitamin B3 may also be synthesized in the liver from which amino acid?
By which two mechanisms do B3 get absorbed from the intestine?
Is the absorption of mechanism of B5 concentration dependent?
What is the coenzyme form of pantothenate?
How is B5 mainly transported in circulation?
In cells what is B5 typically used for?
Name the three phosphorylated coenzyme forms of pyridoxine?
These phosphorylated forms require hydrolysis prior to absorption into the
enterocytes, what is the name of the enzyme responsible for this and which
nutrient is it dependent on?
What is the active form of B6 known as?
Which vitamin is an agonist of B6?
How is B6 absorbed across both the brush and basolateral border?
How is B12 released from peptide bonds in foods?
What is the name of the substance which is found in saliva and gastric juice
that can bind to B12 before it is released from food?
What is the name of the glycoprotein synthesized by the gastric parietal cells,
although functions in the small intestine to aid B12 absorption?
Describe the process by which these two substances aid B12 digestion?
Which mineral is required for B12 absorption?
Which 2 nutrients may antagonize B12 if supplemented at the same time?
What is the major storage form of B12 in the liver?
B12 travels in circulation bound to what?
What are the three substances which make up folic acid?
Folate exists primarily in foods in polyglutamate forms which need to be
hydrolysed into monoglutamate forms prior to absorption into enterocytes.
Name the group of enzymes responsible for this and what nutrient are they
dependent on?
Name 3 factors which may inhibit the absorption of folate?
.How does the majority of folate travel through circulation?
Where is biotin endogenously produced?
What substance can inhibit intestinal absorption of biotin?
Name three forms of vitamin A?
How does the absorption of vitamin A take place over the brush border?
Inside cells, which two proteins are required for vitamin A metabolism?
Inside the enterocyte, which B vitamin is needed to form retinol from beta
carotene?
Name two substances which may enhance vitamin A absorption?
Name two substances which may impair the absorption of vitamin A?
Describe the process by which vitamin D can be synthesized by sunlight and
subsequently transported to tissues?
.Via what other mechanism can vitamin D be transported to tissues?
Name two substances which can stimulate vitamin D metabolism?
Name the two classes of vitamin E?
Once over the basolateral border, how is vitamin E transported to the liver?
How is vitamin E mainly transported through circulation, after leaving the liver?
What is thought to be vitamin E’s main function in these particles?
Where does vitamin E exist mainly in cells?
.Name 2 types of vitamin K, one exogenous and one endogenous type and from
where are they found or produced?
What is a known antagonist of vitamin K?
How is vitamin K transported over the basolateral border?
For what reason is the calcium present in foods and supplements relatively
insoluble?
Via which binding sites does calcium get up taken over the brush border?
What happens to these when there is low blood levels of calcium?
Which vitamin regulates this process?
Name three substances which may bind calcium to be excreted in faeces?
.List two factors which may increase the absorption of calcium?
List four factors which may inhibit calcium absorption?
List three factors which decrease the absorption of magnesium?
List two factors which may increase magnesium absorption?
What are the two mechanisms of magnesium absorption and why would
one method be utilised over another?
List two ways that magnesium may travel through circulation?
What are the two mechanisms of phosphorus absorption and why would
one method be utilised over another?
In what form is phosphorus usually found in the body?
List two ways sodium is up taken into enterocytes?
How is chromium mainly transported through circulation?
Name two other minerals which competitively bind to transferrin?
Which vitamin increases the plasma concentration of chromium?
In foods, copper is bound to proteins. What is needed to free bound
copper to allow its absorption?
What is the name of the receptors which facilitate the transport of copper
into cells from circulation?
What is the name of the soluble intracellular proteins which bind to
intracellular copper and deliver it to various locations in the cell?
Name three factors which decrease copper absorption?
Name an iodine inhibitor?
Which mechanism is utilised to allow iodine to enter and exit the
enterocytes?
How is iodine up taken into the thyroid?
Name two transport proteins which transport the thyroid hormones T3 and
T4 through circulation?
What are the two forms of iron found in foods?
List three substances which may inhibit iron absorption?
Iron travels in the blood bound to what?
Iron is stored bound to what?
Name two ways manganese is transported through circulation?
Iron competes for absorption with manganese. Why may this be the
case?
Which two ways is molybdenum transported in circulation?
What are the two mechanisms of molybdenum absorption and why would
one method be utilised over another?
What form of selenium is thought to be better absorbed?
Name two factors which increase absorption of selenium?
Name two ways selenium may be transported in circulation?
By which mechanism is selenium taken into and out of circulation?
Are high or low concentrations of zinc absorbed?
Name two substances which enhance zinc absorption?
Name three substances which may inhibit zinc absorption?
Name four substances may zinc be bound to in the blood?
Name three other minerals are known to use the same transporter DMT1,
as zinc?
What substance is zinc incorporated into for storage inside cells?
Boron is thought to move into and out of cells by which mechanism?
Where is boron found mainly in the body?
What is vanadium bound to for transport through circulation?
What is vanadium bound to for storage inside cells?
Vanadium mimics the action of which hormone?
. Which other nutrients use these same storage mechanisms?
