what increases behavior by presenting positive reinforces? strengthens the response
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement?
by presenting a pleasurable stimulus after a response.
strenghtens a response by reducing or removing something negative.
what increase behavior by stopping or reducing negative stimuli?
negative reinforcement. (not negative)
conditioned response
conditioned stimulus
what is learned response to a previous neutral stimulus?
unconditional response
unconditional stimulus
what originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
what is an unlearned naturally occurring response?
What stimulus is that automatically triggers a response to a previous neutral stimulus?
what is the view that PSY should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes?
behaviorism
classical conditioning
neutral stimulus
when one learns to link 2 or more stimuli and anticipate events?
When classical conditioning a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning?
we typically learn to repeat acts that bring rewards and to avoid acts that bring unwanted results?
operant conditioning
we learned to expect and prepare for significant events such as food or pain?
When we learn new behaviors by observing events and by watching others?
cognitive learning
stimulus
adaptability
when any event or situation that evokes a response?
What study of paranormal phenomena including ESP and psychokinesis?
porapsychology
when capacity to learn new behaviors that help us cope with changing circumstances?
body movement vestibular sense receptors?
hairlike receptors in the semi-circular canals and vestibular sacs.
extrasensory perception
controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy clairvoyance and precognition?
extrasensory perception (ESP)
what is body movement vistibular sense?
movement of fluids in the inner ear caused by head/body movement
rods and cones in the retina
kinesthetic sensors all over the body
vision receptors?
what is body position kinesthesis receptors?
what principle that one sense may influence another?
sensory interaction
embodied cognition
kinethesis
what psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments?
the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts?
vestibular sense
the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance?
spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain?
gate control theory
frequency theory
place theory
what links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated?
rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch?
device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrode threaded into the cochlea?
cochlea implant
nerve deafness
when hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea?
conduction hearing loss
when hearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerves?
nerve deafness/sensorineural hearing loss
a coiled bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sounds waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve pulses?
cochlea
middle ear
inner ear
the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing 3 tiny bones?
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time?
frequency
innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea semicircular canals and vestibular sacs?
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent light blink on and off in quick succession?
phi phenomenom
perceptual adaptation
color constancy
in vision the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even innerted visual field?
phi phenomenon
perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths of reflected by the object?
depth cues, such as retina disparity that depends on the use of two eyes?
binocular cues
monocular cues
retinal disparity
depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective available to either eye alone?
a binocular cue for perceiving depth, by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes the brain computes distance?
ability to see objects in 3 dimensions?
depth perception
visual cliff
figure ground
laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals?
the organization of the visual field into objects that should out from their surroundings?
theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, on to green, one to blue which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color?
young helmholtz trichromatic
gestalt
opponent process theory
organized whole, meaningful whole?
young Helmholtz trichromatic
opposing retinal process enable color vision?
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously, the brains natural mode of info processing fro many functions including vision?
parallel processing
feature detectors
blind spot
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape angle or movement?
the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there?
retinal receptors that detect black white and gray needed for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond?
rods
accommodations
cones
the process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina?
retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions?
when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus?
extinction
higher order conditioning
acquisition
a procedure in which the unconditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus creating a second often weaker conditioned stimulus?
initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response?
reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response?
spontaneous recovery
generalization
discrimination
tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response?
ability to distinguished between a conditioned stimulus and a unconditioned stimulus?
thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and viceversa?
law of effect
operant chamber
learning behavior which ceases if punished or continuous if rewarded?
chamber also know as skinner box, containing a bar or key an animal can control to obtain food or water?
the activation, often unconsciousness of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perception memory, or response?
priming
signal detection theory
difference threshold
faint stimulus detected, no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a persons experience, expectations, motivation and alertness?
the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time? we experience the threshold as a just noticeable difference?
principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage?
webers law
sensory adaptation
perceptual set
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation?
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another?
the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green and so forth?
hue
wavelengths
intensity
distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short slips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.
the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness of loudness as determined by waves amplitute?
ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening?
irsis
optic nerve
fovea
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain?
iris
the central focal point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster?
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need?
primary reinforcer
lens
retina
transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina?
the light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus lays of neurons that begin the processing of visual information?
momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; can be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds?
echoic memory
conditioned reinforcer
reinforcement schedule
stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer, also known as a secondary reinforcer?
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced?
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of response?
fixed ratio schedule
continuos reinforcement
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs?
continuous reinforcement
partial reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement?
retention independent of conscious recollection?
implicit/nondeclarative memory
explicit/declarative memory
working memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare?
woking memory
a newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information and information retrieved from long term memory?
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses?
variable ratio schedule
fixed interval schedule
variable interval schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed?
variable ration schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals?
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus?
respondent behavior
operant behavior
latent learning
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences?
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it?
desired to perform a behavior to receive promised reward or avoid threatened punishment?
prosocial behavior
iconic memory
extrinsic motivation
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; photographic memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second?
prosocial
positive constructive helpful behavior? opposite of antisocial behavior.
process of getting information out of memory storage?
retrivial
sensory memory
relearning
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system?
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again?
retrieval
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in -the blank test?
recall
spacing effect
perception
tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study for practice?
process of organizing and interpreting sensory information?
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words?
shallow processing
deep processing
hippocampus
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words?
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage?
conscious memory of first 3 years is blank?
infatible amnesia
serial positon effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list?
infantile amnesia
the activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory?
serial position effect
previous experience and expectations affect the detection and analysis of information from the senses. Explains visual illusions
top down processing
bottom up processing
misinformation effect
sensory receptors relay information to the brain, brain interprets this information
incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event?
misinformation
disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information?
retroactive interference
proactive interference
repression
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information?
psychoanalysis theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feeling and memories?
enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply reading information?
testing effect/retrieval practice effect/test enhanced learning
(LTP) long term potentiation
sensation
an increase in a cells firing potential after brief rapid stimulation?
testing effect
sensory and nervous system receiving and representing stimulus energies from our environment?
operant conditioning basic idea and response?
organisms associate behavior and resulting events; voluntary operates on environment
organisms associate events; involuntary/automatic
source amnesia/misattribution
classical conditioning basic idea and response?
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced heard about read or imagined?
process of observing and imitating a specific behavior?
modeling
mirror neurons
encoding
storage
frontal lobes neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so?
the processing of information into the memory system?
the retention of encoded information over time?
organizing items into manageable units?
chunking
mnemonics
flashbulb memory
aplysia
memory aids, use vivid imagery and organizational devices?
flashbulb
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event?
california sea slug with a mere 20,000 nerve cells?
an inability to form new memories?
anterograde amnesia
retrogade amnesia
transduction
psychophysics
an inability to retrieve information from ones past?
conversion of one form of energy into another?
study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli?
minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time?
absolute threshold
subliminal
yes
myth
below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness? less than 50%
can all 5 tastes be sensed all over tongue?
what are the tongue maps?
number of human taste buds?
5,000 to 10,000
50 to 100 each
every so many
every so often
number os taste buds receptor cells?
what is the ratio?
what is the interval?
a mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment?
cognitive map
intrinsic motivation
A-delta fibers
nociceptors
C fibers
a desired to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake?
A delta fibers
transmit longer lasting, duller pain?
fast acting transmit sharp pain?
pain receptors?