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NMS Set 1 Quiz - Pharmacology, Nerve damage and RMP.

Question 1 of 38 Question 1 of 38

1

What name is given to the label 1?

Select one of the following:

  • Depolarisation

  • Threshold

  • Repolarisation

  • Hyperpolarisation

Explanation

Question 2 of 38 Question 2 of 38

1

What name is given to A?

Select one of the following:

  • Repolarisation

  • Depolarisation

  • Hyperpolarisation

  • Threshold

Explanation

Question 3 of 38 Question 3 of 38

1

What name is given to B?

Select one of the following:

  • Depolarisation

  • Repolarisation

  • Hyperpolarisation

  • Threshold

Explanation

Question 4 of 38 Question 4 of 38

1

What name is given to C?

Select one of the following:

  • Hyperpolarisation

  • Threshold

  • Repolarisation

  • Depolarisation

Explanation

Question 5 of 38 Question 5 of 38

1

The absolute refractory period refers to the period of hyperpolarisation in an action potential.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 6 of 38 Question 6 of 38

1

The refractory period is important for what?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Unidirectionality

  • Discrete action potentials

Explanation

Question 7 of 38 Question 7 of 38

1

Conductance is approximately equal to permeability.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 8 of 38 Question 8 of 38

1

How is an action potential propagated in a non-myelinated axon?

Select one of the following:

  • The non-myelinated axon is insulated by a myelin sheath which allows current to 'jump' from node to node, via "saltatory conduction".

  • The local current in an axonal section flows to the next "segment" of the axon, causing depolarisation of that part of the membrane. This continues, causing propagation of the action potential.

Explanation

Question 9 of 38 Question 9 of 38

1

Anterograde transport occurs away from the cell body of a neurone.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 10 of 38 Question 10 of 38

1

Kinesin are motor proteins that partake in anterograde transport.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 11 of 38 Question 11 of 38

1

Kinesin walk towards the positive end of microtubules found in the axon, which usually leads away from the cell body of the neuron.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 12 of 38 Question 12 of 38

1

Motor proteins carry vesicles or membrane bound organelles like mitochondria to their desired location.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 13 of 38 Question 13 of 38

1

What is the correct process of wallerian degeneration?

Select one of the following:

  • Trauma -> Axonal breakdown -> Axonal fragments absorbed into bloodstream -> Ready for regeneration

  • Trauma -> Axonal breakdown -> Macrophage invasion from nearby blood vessels -> Phagocytosis -> Ready for regeneration

Explanation

Question 14 of 38 Question 14 of 38

1

What is the correct process of wallerian regeneration?

Select one of the following:

  • Edge of trauma site develops an axonal sprout -> the sprout encourages schwann cell division -> the schwann cells release neurotrophins to guide the growth cone -> growth cone grows -> axon regenerated

  • Edge of trauma site develops an axonal sprout -> the sprout encourages oligodendrocyte division -> the oligodendrocytes release neurotrophins to guide the growth cone -> growth cone grows -> axon regenerated

Explanation

Question 15 of 38 Question 15 of 38

1

A class 1 nerve injury would cause what?

Select one of the following:

  • Severe tear and endoneurium will be compromised

  • Crushing and resulting degeneration

  • Minor compression and no axon degeneration

Explanation

Question 16 of 38 Question 16 of 38

1

A class 2 nerve injury would cause what?

Select one of the following:

  • Severe tear and endoneurium will be compromised

  • Crushing and resulting degeneration

  • Minor compression and no axon degeneration

Explanation

Question 17 of 38 Question 17 of 38

1

A class 3 nerve injury would cause what?

Select one of the following:

  • Minor compression and no axon degeneration

  • Crushing and resulting degeneration

  • Severe tear and endoneurium will be compromised

Explanation

Question 18 of 38 Question 18 of 38

1

Reactive astrocytes contribute to CNS nerve regeneration.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 19 of 38 Question 19 of 38

1

What part of a local anaesthetic is shown by the red question mark?

Select one of the following:

  • Amine group

  • Linkage

  • Aromatic ring

Explanation

Question 20 of 38 Question 20 of 38

1

What part of a local anaesthetic is shown by the green question mark?

Select one of the following:

  • Linkage

  • Amine group

  • Aromatic ring

Explanation

Question 21 of 38 Question 21 of 38

1

What different type of link may be present in the part of the LA labelled with a blue question mark?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Ester

  • Ketone

  • Amide

  • Carbonyl

Explanation

Question 22 of 38 Question 22 of 38

1

Why do most modern local anaesthetics have an amide linkage rather than an ester linkage?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Broken down more slowly - longer time of action

  • Broken down more quickly - shorter time of action

  • More prone to causing allergies

  • Less prone to causing allergies

Explanation

Question 23 of 38 Question 23 of 38

1

The function of the aromatic ring in the local anaesthetic is to provide lipid soluble properties.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 24 of 38 Question 24 of 38

1

Local anaesthetics are...

Select one of the following:

  • Strong bases

  • Strong acids

  • Weak acids

  • Weak bases

Explanation

Question 25 of 38 Question 25 of 38

1

Following on from the previous question, would a local anaesthetic be ionised in...

Select one of the following:

  • Acidic conditions

  • Alkaline conditions

Explanation

Question 26 of 38 Question 26 of 38

1

The ionised form of the local anaesthetic can cross the plasma membrane to exhibit its action.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 27 of 38 Question 27 of 38

1

The ionised version of the local anaesthetic blocks the voltage-gated Na+ channels to prevent action potentials being generated.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 28 of 38 Question 28 of 38

1

Why is local anaesthetic less effective when a bacterial infection is present?

Select one of the following:

  • Local anaesthetics are weak bases. Bacteria that are present at the infection site will be metabolising substances which creates an acidic environment. An acidic environment will cause ionisation of the local anaesthetic. The ionised form of the local anaesthetic cannot cross the plasma membrane. Less local anaesthetic crossing the PM means there is less blocking of VG Na+ channels and therefore the local anaesthetic is less effective.

  • Local anaesthetics are weak acids. Bacteria that are present at the infection site will be metabolising substances which creates an alkaline environment. An alkaline environment will cause ionisation of the local anaesthetic. The ionised form of the local anaesthetic cannot cross the plasma membrane. Less local anaesthetic crossing the PM means there is less blocking of VG Na+ channels and therefore the local anaesthetic is less effective.

Explanation

Question 29 of 38 Question 29 of 38

1

Lower diameter, less myelinated axons are more sensitive to local anaesthetic.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 30 of 38 Question 30 of 38

1

What is topical application of local anaesthetics?

Select one of the following:

  • Surface application

  • Blocking a branch of nerve fibres

  • Block somewhere along the length of the nerve before it branches

Explanation

Question 31 of 38 Question 31 of 38

1

What is meant by infiltration in the context of application of local anaesthetics?

Select one of the following:

  • Block somewhere along the length of the nerve before it branches

  • Surface application

  • Blocking a branch of nerve fibres

Explanation

Question 32 of 38 Question 32 of 38

1

What is meant by nerve block in the context of application of local anaesthetics?

Select one of the following:

  • Surface application

  • Block somewhere along the length of the nerve before it branches

  • Blocking a branch of nerve fibres

Explanation

Question 33 of 38 Question 33 of 38

1

What side effects could result from local anaesthetic in high doses?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Vasoconstriction

  • Vasodilatation

  • Decrease cardiac muscle contractility.

  • Increase cardiac muscle contractility.

Explanation

Question 34 of 38 Question 34 of 38

1

What adjunct might be used with local anaesthetic?

Select one of the following:

  • Omeprasole

  • Acetylcholine

  • Bupivicaine

  • Adrenaline

Explanation

Question 35 of 38 Question 35 of 38

1

Transmitter binding to post-synaptic receptors causes a conformational change.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 36 of 38 Question 36 of 38

1

Many neurotransmitters can bind to one receptor subtype.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 37 of 38 Question 37 of 38

1

Metabotropic receptors are an ion channel pore which opens upon neurotransmitter binding.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 38 of 38 Question 38 of 38

1

Temporal summation increases the number of synapses firing at the same time to help threshold to be exceeded.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

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