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Give 3 exampled of lymphoid cells.
How are protein antigens present on/in pathogens recognised by T cells?
What are Major Histocompatability Complexes/ MHCs?
What 2 receptors can T cells express on their surface? How do these determine the name of the T cell receptor?
What does a ‘CD’ (4/8) receptor stand for?
What are the FULL names of both types of T cells?
Is it the co-receptors (CD4 or CD8) or the TCR/ T-cell receptors which recognise the MHC complex on pathogens?
What does APC stand for?
Explain the function of MHC Class 1.
What is meant when CD8 T cells are referred to as ‘cytotoxic’?
Explain the function of MHC Class 2.
What is the function of CD4 T cells?
On what types of cells are MHC Class 1 complexes expressed?
On what types of cells are MHC Class 2 complexes expressed? (3)
Describe the morphology of T cell receptors.
What section of the TCR recognises the MHC complex?
How many T cell receptors do T cells express?
Describe the morphology of both CD4 helper T cells and CD8 cytotoxic T cells.
Where are T cells produced? Where are they ‘matured’ or ‘educated’?
When T cells first arrive at the thymus, how would you describe them?
What is meant by a Double positive thymocyte during the development of the T cells in the thymus?
What is meant by a Single positive thymocyte during the development of the T cells in the thymus?
Define MHC/ Major Histocompatibility Complexes.
What determines whether the MHC receptors are class I or II on the surface of cells?
List the 3 different genetic loci of MHC Class II receptors in humans.
List the 3 different genetic loci of MHC Class I receptors in humans.
List the 2 different genetic loci of MHC Class II receptors in mice.
List the 3 different genetic loci of MHC Class I receptors in mice.
What is meant when we say Class I and Class II molecules display high allelic variability?
How many MHC Class I molecules does a human cell express based on how many genetic loci for each type there is?
How many MHC Class II molecules does a human cell express based on how many genetic loci for each type there is?
How many MHC Class molecules does a human cell express in TOTAL based on how many genetic loci there is?
Describe how you would name MHC Class I molecules in mice.
Describe how you would name MHC Class II molecules in mice.
Describe how you would name MHC Class I molecules in humans.
Describe how you would name MHC Class II molecules in humans.
MHC Class I molecules are found on most nucleated cells. What type of proteins are processed and presented by MHC Class I molecules?
Describe the transport of cytosolic proteins from the cytoplasm to the surface of the cell for presentation by MHC Class I complex. (4)
Describe the morphology of MHC Class I molecules.
MHC Class II molecules are found on specialised antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells, macrophages and B lymphocytes). What type of proteins are processed and presented by MHC Class II molecules?
Describe the transport of extracellular proteins from the exterior of the cell, through the cell and then to its surface to be presented by MHC Class II complex.
Describe the morphology of MHC Class II molecules.
What is meant by ‘positive selection’ in reference to the test for proper MHC binding?
List 3 properties of Innate immunity.
List 3 properties of Adaptive immunity.
Where do T cells become activated?
Describe the process between infection and adaptive immunity in stages (7).
What is meant by a naïve T cell?
Why is it that as T cells become educated, the number of T cells with a given recognition specificity proliferate rapidly?
Why is it naïve T cells have a high amount of different recognition specificities before they are educated?
Why is it that effector cells have a low amount of different recognition specificities after they are educated?
What is the function of a naïve T cell?
What is the function of effector T cells?
Where and how do dendritic cells become activated?
Where do activated dendritic cells travel to?
What do dendritic cells do once they arrive at the lymph node? (4)
How are dendritic cells activated?
What is the function of CD4 helper T cells?
Name the 3 groups of CD4 helper T cells?
What are CD4 T regulatory cells?
What diseases can you suffer from if you lack CD4 T regulatory cells?
In what way is the innate immune response made more effective by the adaptive immune system?
In order for the CD4 T helper cell to carry out efficient effector cell function, what must it be able to do?
In order for the CD4 T helper cell to carry out its efficient effector cell function, what must the cell being helped have?
Which CD4 T helper cell helps macrophages carry out their function?
Where are macrophages found?
Can macrophages phagocytose invading organisms and kill them without help from T cells?
What type of bacterium is an example of one which can evade its own death by entering macrophages?
In what way can bacteria which have invaded macrophages be killed?
Describe dual recognition between CD4 helper T cells and macrophages.
List 5 mechanisms which are initiated in macrophages through the help of T helper 1 cells.
Name 2 costimulatory molecules which activate T cells.
What is meant by ‘feedback communication’ by macrophages when they are carrying out their function?
What are the 3 reasons which support why dual recognition is essential between pathogenic cells, macrophages and CD4 T helper cells?
Which 2 types of T helper cells help B cells to produce antibodies?
What are the 2 main functions of B cells?
What 2 types of antibody do T helper 1 cells stimulate B cells to produce?
What 2 types of antibody do T helper 2 cells stimulate B cells to produce?
Describe the 4 stages which B cells go through upon antigen recognition.
Give 3 examples of diseases whereby the immune response is strongly B cell-dependent.
How do T helper cells activate B cells in order to stimulate their antibody production? (3)
Once the B cell is activated, what can the T helper cell then stimulate the B cell to do?
When B cells are activated and are producing antibodies, what other name are they given?
What 3 functions do the antibodies (produced by B cells) have?
What are the 3 main reasons why dual recognition is essential between CD4 helper T cells and B cells?
What is the function of CD8 cytotoxic T cells?
In what way are cytotoxic CD8 T cells similar to NK cells?
What happens to the cytotoxic granules within CD8 Cytotoxic T cells when they recognise a target cell (infected host cell)?
What are the 2 reasons which support why dual recognition is essential between CD8 cytotoxic T cells and host target infected cells presenting MHC Class I complexes?
What is meant by cell-mediated immunity?
What is meant by humoral immunity?
