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Mind Map
by
Alix Stonehouse
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more than 1 year ago
Pancreas hormone revison
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endocrinology
pancreas
insulin
glucagon
Created by
Alix Stonehouse
over 9 years ago
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2727159
mind_map
2016-12-04T00:31:47Z
ENDOCRINOLOGY (pancreas)
Pancreas
The pancreas
has both
endocrine and
exocrine
funtions
The islets of Lngerhans
include alpha cells, beta
cells and delta cells
Secretes digestive
enzymes from acini
Normal blood glucose =
70-140mg/dl
Alpha cells secrete glucagon
More predominant effect
than insulin
Increased by
sympathetic signals,
adrenaline secretion
and decreased plasma
glucose
Effects on the liver
include increased
gluconeogenesis and
increased protein
breakdown. Causes
increased lipolysis in
adipose tissue
Glucagon secreted in the post-absorptive/
catabolic state when energy stores are
metabolised
Delta cells secrete
somatostatin
Beta cells secrete insulin
Increased by
parasympathetic signalling,
increased plasma glucose
and amino acid levels
Insulin dominates in absorptive/ anabolic
state. This is the period just after eating
when energy is stored in macromolecules
Effects on the liver include
decreased gluconeogenesis
and increased triglyceride
synthesis. In the muscle it
causes increased glycogen
synthesis and decreased
glycogenolysis. Also
decreased lipolysis in
adipose tissue
Increased glucose uptake by
GLUT4 transporter
translocation
Hypoglycaemia
Symptoms include sweating, pounding
heart, shaking, confusion, visual
disturbance
Treated with oral or IV
glucose or glucagon
Hyperglycaemia
Type 2 - insulin resistance
at target tissue or
impaired insulin secretion
Firstly managed by lifestyle factor
changes
Drug treatments include sulphonylureas that increase insulin
secretion, thiazolidinediones (TZD's) that reduce insulin
resistance, as do biguanides (Metformin)
Sulphonylureas block K+ ATP channels
so cause depolarisation and therefore
release of insulin
Orlistat can be taken to reduce weight
TZD's bind to PPAP-y
receptors; more GLUT4
transporters
Long term complications
Diabetic nephropathy - end stage renal failure
needs transplant
Diabetic neuropathy - nerve
conduction velocity slowed
to lower limbs. Effects
sensation to pain
Diabetic retinopathy -
increases cataracts due to
thickened membrane of
retinal blood vessels
Type 1 - beta cell destruction so inability
to produce insulin
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
Treated by mimicking exogenous
insulin administered subcutaneously
around meal times
Can be short acting
(Ispro), delayed
(Lente) or long acting
(Ultralene')
Diagnosed by: 1.symptoms 2. random plasma
glucose >200mg/dl 3.fasting plasma glucose
>126mg/dl 4. Oral glucose tolerance test >200mg/dl
after 2hours
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2727159
mind_map
2016-12-04T00:31:47Z
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