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How does acute inflammation of meningitis appear?
What are the 3 membranes that line the skull and vertebral canal called? Under which of these 3 membranes do neutrophils recruit to during meningitis?
What is meant by 'local' chemical mediators of inflammation?
What is meant by 'systemic' chemical mediators of inflammation?
What 3 components make up the storage granules in mast cells?
What 5 mediators of inflammation are synthesised by the ER in a mast cell before release at sites of infection?
What is histamine?
What is Serotonin?
What is the purpose of lysosomal enzymes in mast cells?
What is the purpose of IL8 ?
What is the purpose of prostaglandins?
What are leukotrienes?
What is the purpose of the release of oxygen/ nitrogen radicals?
Name 4 systems which are systemic mediators of inflammation.
What enzyme catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen (soluble in blood) into fibrin (insoluble)?
What is the purpose of fibrin (formed from fibrinogen)?
Name 2 vasoactive amines.
Name 5 factors which can induce the release of histamine from mast cells.
What are the purpose of IL-1 and IL-8?
What is chemotaxis?
Name 3 cell-derived mediators which are recruited to endothelial cells (post-degranulation of mast cells) during inflammation..
When histamine, bradykinin and thrombin are released from mast cells and recruited to endothelial cells during inflammation, what does this induce?
Describe the formation of prostaglandins.
Other than Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes are also produced from the metabolism of phospholipids, what do they do?
During the metabolism of Arachidonic acid, what 4 prostaglandins can be generated from the cyclooxygenase pathway?
What is the purpose of the prostaglandin PGI2 produced using the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism?
What is 5-lipoxgenase enzyme?
What leukotrienes are mainly made my neutrophils during the metabolism of Arachidonic acid?
What is the Leukotriene, LTB4?
What leukotrienes are mainly made my mast cells during the metabolism of Arachidonic acid?
What are the leukotrienes, LTD4 and E4?
What do steroids do as an anti-inflammatory?
Why are NSAIDs drugs used to control the anti-inflammatory process?
Why pathway do NSAIDs NOT block when used as a drug to control inflammation?
What are 2 cyclooxygenase enzymes targetted by NSAIDs which go on to inhibit the production of prostaglandins?
What is the difference?
Why are Pharmaceutical companies trying to develop drugs which only target Cox-1 cycooxygenase?
Name 2 cyclooxygenase inhibitor drugs which have been used in anti-inflammation.
When the body is not undergoing inflammation, are systemic mediators active?
What complement from the Complement cascade inserts itself into the membrane of bacteria to puncture their cells? What is this process called?
How is the Complement Cascade initiated?
When C3a and C5a (?) are produced in the complement cascade, what function do they perform?
Explain how anaphylatoxins help to control the adhesion of leukocytes to the vascular endothelium.
What is the purpose of Fibrin?
What is the purpose of fibrinopeptide released from fibrinogen during the formation of fibrin?
What is Bradykinin?
What is the purpose of the systemic mediator, the kinin cascade?
What is the purpose of the fibrinolytic cascade (systemic mediator)?
How is plasmin formed in the fibrinolytic pathway and what does it do?
How is thrombin formed and what is its function in the clotting cascade?
Other than phagocytosis, what else do neutrophils do kill invading pathogens?
By what process is phagocytosis of microorganisms facilitated by? By what?
Define opsonins.
Describe the process of phagocytosis using Opsonins (opsonisation).
Describe the role of fMet- Leu - Phe receptors in the phagocytosis of pathogens.
Describe how phagolysosomes are generated/ activated to degrade its components.
Name some oxygen-dependent anti-microbial mechanisms (7).
Name some oxygen-independent anti-microbial mechanisms (7).
What major mediators of acute inflammation initiate the following effects?
- Vasodilation
- Increased vascular permeability
- Chemotaxis
- Fever
- Pain
What 3 products of acute inflammation cause tissue injury?
What are 3 main outcomes of Acute Inflammation?
What are 3 common features of Chronic inflammation?
What is Angiogenesis?
