Ros Agnieszka
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Ros Agnieszka
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Applied Linguistics 2011

Question 1 of 50

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1. Model of second language acquisition (SLA) that describe real-time language processing in real-world language behaviour (e.g. the functionalist models) are classified as

Select one of the following:

  • A. competence models

  • B. heterogeneous models

  • C. performance models

  • D. variablility models

Explanation

Question 2 of 50

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2. In her integrated model of SLA Gass (1997) distinguished the two types of input, i.e.

Select one of the following:

  • A. modified-unmodified

  • B. apperceived-comprehended

  • C. impoverished-enriched

  • D. stored-processed

Explanation

Question 3 of 50

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3. According to Ellis (2009), information notices and stored in temporary memory, which may or may not be subsequently processed in the interlanguage system described as

Select one of the following:

  • A. intake

  • B. parameter

  • C. cognitive

  • D. pattern

Explanation

Question 4 of 50

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4. Selinker (1972) indentified five major cognitive processes responsible for SLA, one of them is

Select one of the following:

  • A. approximation

  • B. internalization

  • C. assimliation

  • D. overgeneralization

Explanation

Question 5 of 50

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5. The process by which non-target forms become fixed in learner language, no matter what age he is or amount of input, explanation or instruction he receives, is reffered as

Select one of the following:

  • A. backsliding

  • B. induction

  • C. fossilization

  • D. inferencing

Explanation

Question 6 of 50

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6. The process of using forms that belong to an earlier stage of development on some occasion, even though the learners uses the correct forms on other occasion, is called

Select one of the following:

  • A. backsliding

  • B. interference

  • C. fluctuation

  • D. scaffolding

Explanation

Question 7 of 50

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7. According to Anderson's Adaptive Control of Thought Model (1983), which of the following is true? (1) One acquires declarative knowledge suddenly. (2) One acquires procedural knowledge gradually. (3) One communicate one's declarative knowledge verbally.

Select one of the following:

  • A. 1 and 2

  • B. 2 and 3

  • C. 1 and 3

  • D. 1,2 and 3

Explanation

Question 8 of 50

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8. Which of the following utterances is most likely to appear last in the first language (L1) acquisition of the English negatives ( examples from Klima and Bellugi, cited in Ellis 2009)?

Select one of the following:

  • A. ' There no squirrels'

  • B. 'Wear mitten no.'

  • C. 'I not crying'

  • D. 'Not a teddy bear.'

Explanation

Question 9 of 50

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9. Which of the following utterances is most likely to appear last in the naturalistic second language (L2) acquisition of the English negatives ( examples from Ellis 2009)?

Select one of the following:

  • A. ' No you are playing here'

  • B.' He didn't say it'

  • C. ' I can't play that one'

  • D. ' She not coming.'

Explanation

Question 10 of 50

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10. Learners construct evolving interlanguage systems as a result of participating in discourse. They learn how to activate items and rules that are available initially in planned discourse, and later in unplanned discourse. This description characterizes which of the SLA models?

Select one of the following:

  • A. Ellis ' Variable Competence Model'

  • B. McLaughin's Processing Model

  • C. Krashen's Monitor Model

  • D. Preston's Socioliquistic Model

Explanation

Question 11 of 50

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11. Operating Princliples (e.g. relevance) have been formulated to explain why certain linguistic forms appear in learner's production before others. They are the key concept of

Select one of the following:

  • A. the Acculturation Model

  • B. the Nativization Model

  • C. the Accommodation Model

  • D. the Discourse Model

Explanation

Question 12 of 50

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12. Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance is based on the concepts of

Select one of the following:

  • A. acquistion and learning

  • B. language use and usage

  • C. explicit and implicit knowledge

  • D. langue and parole

Explanation

Question 13 of 50

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13. Which school of thought in SLA has focused on studies of interactive discourse, sociocultural factors, cooperative group learning as well as individual cognitive development?

Select one of the following:

  • A. Behaviourism

  • B. Constructivism

  • C. Mentalism

  • D. Empiricism

Explanation

Question 14 of 50

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14. The mediation theory ( Osgood 1957), which claims that the linguistic stimulus (e.g. a word) elicits a "mediating" response, was an attempt to broaden which approach to SLA?

Select one of the following:

  • A. Behaviourism

  • B. Constructivism

  • C. Mentalism

  • D. Empiricism

Explanation

Question 15 of 50

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15. The neurological evidence is that as the human brain matures certain functions are assigned to the left or right hemisphere of the brain. This process is called

Select one of the following:

  • A. accomodation

  • B. fossilization

  • C. adaptation

  • D. lateralization

Explanation

Question 16 of 50

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16. The stage which characterizes the course of the intellectual development of a learner od eleven to sixteen years of age is described by Piaget (1972) as

Select one of the following:

  • A. concrete operational

  • B. preoperational

  • C. formal operational

  • D. sensorimotor

Explanation

Question 17 of 50

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17. According to Piaget (1972) equilibration characterizes interior organization of the learner's knowledge in which cognition is a process of

Select one of the following:

  • A. overcoming the psychological barriers

  • B. moving from states of doubt to certainty

  • C. hypothesis formation and testing

  • D. replacing the L1 system with the L2 system

Explanation

Question 18 of 50

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18. The ability to form mental images of reality is described by Gardner (1983) as

Select one of the following:

  • A. bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence

  • B. intrapersonal intelligence

  • C. interpersonal intelligence

  • D. spatial intelligence

Explanation

Question 19 of 50

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19. Which od the following features characterizes a right-brain dominant learner?

Select one of the following:

  • A. favours logical problem solving

  • B. relies on images in thinking

  • C. makes objective judgments

  • D. prefers multiple-choice tasks

Explanation

Question 20 of 50

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20.Tarone (1983) claims that learners use a range of styles in their L2 production. Which of the following is characterized by the highest percentage of the use of correct L2 forms?

Select one of the following:

  • A. careful

  • B. vernacular

  • C. colloquial

  • D. none of the above

Explanation

Question 21 of 50

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21. According to O'Malley et al. (1985), using available information to guess meaning of new items, predict outcomes, or fill in missing information is a cognitive learning strategy of

Select one of the following:

  • A. deduction

  • B. elaboration

  • C. recombination

  • D. inferencing

Explanation

Question 22 of 50

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22. According to Domel (1995), describing or exemplifying the target object or action (e.g. the thing you open bottles with for corkscrew) is a compensatory strategy of

Select one of the following:

  • A. approximation

  • B. contextualization

  • C. circumlocution

  • D. foreignizing

Explanation

Question 23 of 50

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23. Associating, grouping or placing new words in context refer to the memory strategy of

Select one of the following:

  • A. applying images and sounds

  • B. using formulas and patterns

  • C. creating mental linkages

  • D. analyzing and reasoning

Explanation

Question 24 of 50

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24. Asking for clarification, verification or correction in a foreign language is a part of

Select one of the following:

  • A. social strategies

  • B. metacognitive strategies

  • C. compensation strategies

  • D. affective strategies

Explanation

Question 25 of 50

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25. Bley-Vroman (1988) presents several statements about L1 acquisition. Which is untrue?

Select one of the following:

  • A. fossilization is unknown in L1 development

  • B. Learners develop intuitions regarding L1

  • C. Children's errors are not typically corrected

  • D. Sucess is influenced mainly by personality

Explanation

Question 26 of 50

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26. Bley-Vroman (1988) presents several statements about L2 acquisition. Which is untrue?

Select one of the following:

  • A. L2 learners often fossilize and backslide.

  • B. Learners are often unable to judge L2 forms.

  • C. Correction is unhelpful or unnecessary

  • D. Sucess is influenced mainly by motivation

Explanation

Question 27 of 50

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27. Bachman (1990) distinguishes the two major types of language competence. They are

Select one of the following:

  • A. linguistic and communicative

  • B. illocutionary and sociolinguistic

  • C. grammatical and testual

  • D. organizational and pragmatic

Explanation

Question 28 of 50

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28. According to Bachman (1990) the central component of the learner's communicative language ability is strategic competence, which consists of language competence and

Select one of the following:

  • A. knowledge of the context of situation

  • B. language processing mechanism

  • C. knowledge of the world

  • D. psycho-psychological mechanisms

Explanation

Question 29 of 50

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29. Willing (1987) claims that learners who are spontaneous, imaginative and emotional prefer

Select one of the following:

  • A. concrete learning style

  • B. communicative learning style

  • C. analytical learning style

  • D. authority-oriented learning style

Explanation

Question 30 of 50

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30. In the sentence This book Mary likes a lot the learner is able to identify the agent, that is the logical subject, because it is signalled by one of the following devices. Which one?

Select one of the following:

  • A. agreement

  • B. animacy

  • C. agency

  • D. word order

Explanation

Question 31 of 50

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31. Prepositional stranding (PS) and pied piping (PP) are typological universals found in wh-questions and relative clauses, e.g. (1) With whom did Mary speak? (PP), (2) Who did Mary speak with? (PS). Which of the following statements is true?

Select one of the following:

  • A. learners of English produce more PS

  • B. learners of Polish produce more PS

  • C. any language that has PP also has PS

  • D. any language that has PS also has PP

Explanation

Question 32 of 50

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32. In a model of speech planning phenomena, Wiese (1984) distinguished a number of factors that disturb the smooth flow of speech (e.g. repetitions, corrections). They are classified as

Select one of the following:

  • A. hesitation phenomena

  • B. temporal variables

  • C. monitoring devices

  • D. verbal distractions

Explanation

Question 33 of 50

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33. The strenght of the learner's motivation depends on the extrenal influences. This is

Select one of the following:

  • A. The Internal Cause Hypothesis

  • B. the Carrot and Stick Hypothesis

  • C. The Intristic Hypothesis

  • D. the Resultative Hypothesis

Explanation

Question 34 of 50

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34. According to the Parallel Distributed Processing Model of SLA, language learning

Select one of the following:

  • A. is a product of information processing

  • B. is based on habit reformulation

  • C. depends mainly on innate knowledge

  • A. is a product of information processing

Explanation

Question 35 of 50

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35. Strategy training is a type of formal instruction focused primarily on

Select one of the following:

  • A. the L2 (e.g. grammar, pronunciation)

  • B. cognitive goals

  • C. learner-instruction matching

  • D. metacognitive goals

Explanation

Question 36 of 50

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36. * 'He didn't took it'is an example of an error that results most probably from

Select one of the following:

  • A. addition

  • B. double marking

  • C. omission

  • D. overgeneralization

Explanation

Question 37 of 50

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37. Errors that are found in first and second language acquistion data are referred to as

Select one of the following:

  • A. systematic

  • B. developmental

  • C. post-systematic

  • D. interference-like

Explanation

Question 38 of 50

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38. The incorrect placement of a morpheme (e.g. 'What daddy is doing?') is an error of

Select one of the following:

  • A. omission

  • B. misinformation

  • C. addition

  • D. misordering

Explanation

Question 39 of 50

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39. According to the Accessibility Hierarchy (Comrie and Keenan 1979), the crutial factor in the acquisition of English is the proximity of the relativized noun phrases site to the head of the relative clause. In view of this hypothesis, which of the sentences would be acquired first?

Select one of the following:

  • A. The dog that I bought had brown eyes.

  • B. The dog whose name I forgot was big.

  • C. I bought the dog that looked very sad.

  • D. The dog that I looked at made me laugh.

Explanation

Question 40 of 50

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40. According to the Government and Binding Model of SLA languages vary according to whether they forbid the deletion of subject pronouns. This parameter is called

Select one of the following:

  • A. NP-alternation

  • B. relativization

  • C. pro-drop

  • D. subjacency

Explanation

Question 41 of 50

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41. In the UG model, which principle defines the restrictions that govern how far a phrase can be moved from deep to surface structure (e.g. 'What did Randy think his brother had won')?

Select one of the following:

  • A. NP-extraction

  • B. passivization

  • C. pro-drop

  • D. subjacency

Explanation

Question 42 of 50

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42. Languages with 'null subjects' like Spanish or Russian differ from English in terms of word order and expletives (e.g. dummy 'it' and 'there' in English). This means that they

Select one of the following:

  • A. have free word order andexpletives

  • B. have fixed word order and expletives

  • C. have free word order but not expletives

  • D. dave fixed word order but not expletives

Explanation

Question 43 of 50

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43. Generative linguists (e.g. White 1989) claim that English speaking children avoid sentences like 'Randy explained Mary the problem' in their L1 because they

Select one of the following:

  • A. obtain positive evidence in the input

  • B. avoid structures they never hear

  • C. receive direct negative feedback

  • D. rely on their innate knowledge

Explanation

Question 44 of 50

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44. The length of children's utterances gradualy increases and their knowledge of grammatical structures is built up in steps. This is the evidence of

Select one of the following:

  • A. language as a human-specific faculty

  • B. the incremental nature of L1 acquisition

  • C. the uniqueness of their utterances

  • D. development of new language habits

Explanation

Question 45 of 50

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45. One of the factors that may influence learner errors in genre. It refers to

Select one of the following:

  • A. the medium of learner production (e.g. oral)

  • B. the form of learner production (e.g. a letter)

  • C. the content the learner production (topic)

  • D. the setting (classroom or naturalistic)

Explanation

Question 46 of 50

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46. One of the sources of performance errors, or mistakes, may be

Select one of the following:

  • A. communication strategies

  • B. transitional competence

  • C. learning strategies

  • D. overgeneralization

Explanation

Question 47 of 50

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47. Language used by parents when communicating with oother learners in L2 is called

Select one of the following:

  • A. baseline speech

  • B. caretaker speech

  • C. baby talk

  • D. modified speech

Explanation

Question 48 of 50

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48. Language used by students when communicating with other learners in L2 is called

Select one of the following:

  • A. baseline sppech

  • B. foreigner talk

  • C. peer talk

  • D. simplified speech

Explanation

Question 49 of 50

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49. Instruction can only promote SLA if learner is close to the point when the structure is acquired in the natural setting, i.e. when he is 'ready' for it. This stetement is advanced by

Select one of the following:

  • A. the Natural Order Hypothesis

  • B. the Markedness Differential Hypothesis

  • C. the Projection Hypothesis

  • D. the Teachability Hypothesis

Explanation

Question 50 of 50

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50. Felix (1981) found that German learners of L2 English produced errors like "Doesn't she eat apples" instead of "No, she eats apples". He concludes that formal instruction may have

Select one of the following:

  • A. deletion effects (lead to errors)

  • B. temporary effects (work for some time)

  • C. delayed effects (work later)

  • D. no effects (not work at all)

Explanation

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