Ros Agnieszka
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Ros Agnieszka
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Applied Linguistics 2014

Question 1 of 50

1

01. A learner produces a response, often without observable stimuli, that is maintained by reinforcement. This statement refers to...

Select one of the following:

  • A. Chomsky's notion of LAD

  • B. MacWhinney's Competition Model

  • C. Piaget's concept of formal operations

  • D. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning

Explanation

Question 2 of 50

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02. Storing examples and drawing a rule that governs the specific instances is the principle of...

Select one of the following:

  • A deductive learning

  • B inductive learning

  • C explicit learning

  • D conscious learning

Explanation

Question 3 of 50

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03. Which theory is based on the assumption that all human beings create their own vision of reality so that different, contarsting ways of describing the world are equally legitimate

Select one of the following:

  • A Constructivism

  • B Idealism

  • C Cognitivism

  • D Mentalism

Explanation

Question 4 of 50

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04. Which theory of second language acquisition is based on the assumption that it is innately determined due to a genetic capacity available to all human beings?

Select one of the following:

  • A Behaviourism

  • B Emergenitism

  • C Connectionism

  • D Nativism

Explanation

Question 5 of 50

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05. The stage which characterizes the course of intellectual development of a child of seven to elefen is described by Piaget (1972) as..

Select one of the following:

  • A sensorimotor

  • B preoperational

  • C concrete operational

  • D formal operational

Explanation

Question 6 of 50

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06. The distance between a child's actual cognitive capacity and the level of potential development is described by Vygotsky (1987) as the..

Select one of the following:

  • A space of perceptual activity

  • B preoperational processing area

  • C restructuring continuum

  • D zone of proximal development

Explanation

Question 7 of 50

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07. Selinker (1972) identified five major cognitive processes responsible for SLA, one of them is...

Select one of the following:

  • A approximation

  • B assimilation

  • C internalization

  • D overgeneralization

Explanation

Question 8 of 50

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08. The learner's ability to make repairs and sustain communication through paraphrase or repetition is labeled by Canale and Swain (1980) as...

Select one of the following:

  • A communicative competence

  • B sociolinguistic competence

  • C discourse competence

  • D strategic competence

Explanation

Question 9 of 50

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09. McLaughlin's (1987) Attention Processing Model refers to the two processing mechanisms:..

Select one of the following:

  • A analytic-holistic

  • B focal-peripheral

  • C controlled-automatic

  • D intentional-unintentional

Explanation

Question 10 of 50

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10. The Competition Model of SLA (MacWhinney 1989) focuses primarily on the study of...

Select one of the following:

  • A functions of sentence constituents

  • B the deep/surface structure of the sentence

  • C levels of markedness of linguistic features

  • D types of linguistic universals in L2 acquisition

Explanation

Question 11 of 50

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11. In her model of SLA Susan Gass (1997) distinguishes the two types of input:..

Select one of the following:

  • A modified-unmodified

  • B apperceived-comprehended

  • C impoverished-enriched

  • D stored-processed

Explanation

Question 12 of 50

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12. Stages of L2 acquisition through which a learner passes in acquiring specific grammatical structures such as interrogatives or relative clauses are referred to as...

Select one of the following:

  • A order of development

  • B sequence of development

  • C developmental patterns

  • D restructuring continuum

Explanation

Question 13 of 50

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13. Andersen (1980) claims that learners make the input confirm to their own view the L2 system. This process is described as...

Select one of the following:

  • A accommodation

  • B acculturation

  • C assimilation

  • D nativization

Explanation

Question 14 of 50

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14. according to Slobin (1985) the processes involved in storing items noticed and processed into long-term memory are referred to as the processes of..

Select one of the following:

  • A integration

  • B orientation

  • C restructuring

  • D selection

Explanation

Question 15 of 50

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15. Tomiin and Villa (1994) distinguishes the three types of attentional processes, they are...

Select one of the following:

  • A Alertness-Orientation-Detection

  • B Consciousness-Intention-Control

  • C Awareness-Attention-Perception

  • D Monitoring-Integration-Restructuring

Explanation

Question 16 of 50

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16. The process of identifying how the input the learner is exposed to differs from the output he or she produces, is the main focus of study in

Select one of the following:

  • A Krashen's Monitor Model

  • B Robinson's Multiple Resource Model

  • C Schmidt's Noticing Hypothesis

  • D Van Pattern's Input Processing Theory

Explanation

Question 17 of 50

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17. Interactionally modified input assists learners to notice linguistic forms in the input. The noticed form lie within the learner's 'processing capacity'. Those claims refer to..

Select one of the following:

  • A Krashen's (1981) input Hypothesis

  • B Swain's (1985) Output Hypothesis

  • C Long's (1983) Interaction Hypothesis

  • D Penemann's (1998) Processability Theory

Explanation

Question 18 of 50

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18. Operating Principles, such as e.g. relevance, have been formulated to explain why certain linguistic forms appear in learner's production before others. They are the key concept of..

Select one of the following:

  • A the Acculturation Model

  • B the Discourse Model

  • C the Accommodation Model

  • D the Nativization Model

Explanation

Question 19 of 50

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19. The Parallel Distributed Processing Model (Rumelhart and McClelland1986) differs from the majority of other models of language acquisition because it rejects the concept of...

Select one of the following:

  • A input and output

  • B declarative and procedural knowledge

  • C short and long-term memory

  • D information storage and processing

Explanation

Question 20 of 50

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20. The length of children's utterances gradually increases and their knowledge of grammatical structures is built up in steps. This is the evidence of...

Select one of the following:

  • A language as a human-specific faculty

  • B the incremental nature of L1 acquisition

  • C the uniqueness of their utterances

  • D development of new language habits

Explanation

Question 21 of 50

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21. Variability is a feature of performance and not of the learner's underlying system, e.g. competence. This view refers to which of the following approaches to SLA?

Select one of the following:

  • A linguistic

  • B psycholinguistic

  • C sociolinguistic

  • D neurolinguistic

Explanation

Question 22 of 50

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22. The main sources of data in the UG-based studies of SLA is derivied from...

Select one of the following:

  • A the learner's language use

  • B metalinguistic judgements

  • C discourse analysis

  • D text analysis

Explanation

Question 23 of 50

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23. UG-based studies of Principles and Parameters( e.g. Chomsky 1981) focus mainly on...

Select one of the following:

  • A the availability of UG in L2 acquisition

  • B the role of typological universals

  • C the order of acquisition of L2 forms

  • D the role of the linguistic context in SLA

Explanation

Question 24 of 50

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24. According to the Government and Binding Model of SLA languages vary according to whether they forbid the deletion of subjevt pronouns. This parameter is called...

Select one of the following:

  • A NP-deletion

  • B redundancy

  • C pro-drop

  • D subjacency

Explanation

Question 25 of 50

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25. Languages with null subjects like Polish (e.g. Lubię to) differ from English in terms of word order and expletives (e.g. dummy 'it' and 'there' in Eng). This means that they have

Select one of the following:

  • A free word order and expletives

  • B fixed word order and expletives

  • C free word order but not expletives

  • D fixed word order but not expletives

Explanation

Question 26 of 50

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26. This model of SLA (Swartz and Sprouse 1996) assumes that the initial stage is the product of L1 transfer, however learners are able to restructure their initial grammar by selecting an alternative setting that is compatible with the L2 input from those available in UG. It is referred to as the...

Select one of the following:

  • A Minimal Trees Model

  • B Weak Transfer Model

  • C Full Transfer/Limited Access Model

  • D Full Transfer/ Full Access Model

Explanation

Question 27 of 50

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27. R. Hawkins (1989) examined the acquisition of L2 French relativizers 'qui', 'que' and 'dont'. He claims on the basis of the NP Accessibility Hierarchy that the first structure to be acquired is..

Select one of the following:

  • A L'homme que Pierre connait...(The man who Peter knows..)

  • B L'homme que connait Pierre..(The man that Peter knows..)

  • C L'homme qui Pierre connait...( The man who knows Peter...)

  • D L'homme dont j'ai oubile le nom...(The man whose name I've forgotten)

Explanation

Question 28 of 50

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28. According to Crookes (1989) the main factor influencing the learner's speech production is...

Select one of the following:

  • A short term memory

  • B varying attention to speech

  • C the speaker's attitude to the addressee

  • D pre-and post-articulation monitoring

Explanation

Question 29 of 50

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29. Rote-learning and inductive language-learning ability are two components of the learner's...

Select one of the following:

  • A cognitive style

  • B foreign language aptitude

  • C language processing ability

  • D verbal intelligence

Explanation

Question 30 of 50

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30. Words which are stressed on the second syllable, such as police or machine, are referred to as..

Select one of the following:

  • A accentuated features

  • B phonemic contrasts

  • C marked forms

  • D peripheral universals

Explanation

Question 31 of 50

1

31. Learners' utterances constructed by borrowing chunks from the preceding discourse and with the use of the learner's own resources ( A:'Come here!" - B: "No come here") are called...

Select one of the following:

  • A transitional constructions

  • B idiosyncratic patterns

  • C vertical structures

  • D formulaic scripts

Explanation

Question 32 of 50

1

32. Cummins (1979) introduced the two concepts of cognitive academic language proficiency and basic interpersonal communication skills. They both refer to the two ascpects of...

Select one of the following:

  • A learning style

  • B cognitive style

  • C language ability

  • D language processing

Explanation

Question 33 of 50

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33. The process of using non-target forms that belong to an earlier stage of development on some occasion, even though the learner uses the correct forms on other occasions, is called...

Select one of the following:

  • A backsliding

  • B interference

  • C fluctuation

  • D scaffolding

Explanation

Question 34 of 50

1

34. Which of the statements about the silent period in language acquisition is true?

Select one of the following:

  • A It is obligatory in L1 and optional in L2

  • B It is optional in L1 and obligatory in L2

  • C It is obligatory both in L1 and L2

  • D It is optional in both L1 and L2

Explanation

Question 35 of 50

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35. The neurological evidence is that as the human brain matures certain functions are assigned to the left or right hemisphere of the brain. This process is called...

Select one of the following:

  • A adaptation

  • B fossilization

  • C attrition

  • D lateralization

Explanation

Question 36 of 50

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36. Information provided to a learner concerning the incorrectness of a form used is called...

Select one of the following:

  • A clarification request

  • B comprehensible input

  • C negative evidence

  • D output prompting

Explanation

Question 37 of 50

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37. Which of the following statements concerning the role of speech planning time is NOT true?

Select one of the following:

  • A Planning leads to greater accuracy

  • B planning leads to greater lexical richness

  • C planning aids syntactic complexity

  • D planning aids fluency

Explanation

Question 38 of 50

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38. Which of the following criteria would NOT be considered as a measure of speech complexity

Select one of the following:

  • A amount of subordination

  • B mean number of verb arguments

  • C type-token-ratio

  • D mean number of reformulations

Explanation

Question 39 of 50

1

39. One of the measures of temporal variables related to the phenomenon of speech planning is the number of syllables spoken per second, excluding pause time (Wiese 1984). It is called the...

Select one of the following:

  • A articulation rate

  • B complexity index

  • C fluency measurement

  • D speech rate

Explanation

Question 40 of 50

1

40. Categorical rules such as [X->Y/__A], where X is realized as Y in context A, were used by Labov (1972) to describe speech behaviour of native speakers of English known as...

Select one of the following:

  • A casual speech

  • B speech planning

  • C formal speech

  • D style shifting

Explanation

Question 41 of 50

1

41. According to the Speech Accomodation Theory ( Giles 1971), speakers adjust their normal speech to make it more similar to theur interlocutor's speech. This is referred to as speech..

Select one of the following:

  • A convergence

  • B divergence

  • C nativization

  • D pidginization

Explanation

Question 42 of 50

1

42. Tarone ( 1983) claims that learners use a range of styles in their L2 production. Which of the following styles is characterized by the highest percentage of the correct L2 forms?

Select one of the following:

  • A careful

  • B vernacular

  • C colloquial

  • D none of the above

Explanation

Question 43 of 50

1

43. According to O'Malley et al. (1985), using available information to guess meanings of new items, predict outcomes, or fill in missing information is a cognitive learning strategy of...

Select one of the following:

  • A deduction

  • B elaboration

  • C recombination

  • D inferencing

Explanation

Question 44 of 50

1

44. Utterances that rephrase the learner's incorrect utterance while still referring to its central meaning (NNS: 'En las mesa hay una taza rojo.' NS:'Um, una taza roja.') are described as...

Select one of the following:

  • A recasts

  • B reformulations

  • C repairs

  • D uptakes

Explanation

Question 45 of 50

1

45. Which of the statements about learning strategies is untrue? Strategies are...

Select one of the following:

  • A generally problem-oriented

  • B used mainly by less successful learners

  • C both observable and unobservable

  • D performed in L1 and L2

Explanation

Question 46 of 50

1

46. Structures such as *The boy slided across the ice are the example of...

Select one of the following:

  • A covert errors

  • B L1 transfer errors

  • C overt errors

  • D mistakes

Explanation

Question 47 of 50

1

47. Structures sych as *The dog ated the chicken are example of errors of...

Select one of the following:

  • A additions

  • B omissions

  • C misinformations

  • D misordering

Explanation

Question 48 of 50

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48. Learners try to perform the right speech act but use the wrong linguistic form. This is a..

Select one of the following:

  • A semiotic error

  • B pragmalinguistic error

  • C morphosyntactic error

  • D sociopragmatic error

Explanation

Question 49 of 50

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49. Which of the following factors does not influence ungrammatical foreigner talk modifications?

Select one of the following:

  • A the learner's level of proficiency in L2

  • B the learner's gender (m/f)

  • C The learner's assumed social status

  • D the type of conversation (e.g. formal/informal)

Explanation

Question 50 of 50

1

50. Formal instruction can only promote SLA if the learner's language is close to the point when the structure to be taught is acquired in the natural setting. This statement refers to...

Select one of the following:

  • A form-focused instruction

  • B the Teachability Hypothesis

  • C the Variability Hypothesis

  • D the Zero Option in FL teaching

Explanation

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