According to research findings, the most probable explanation of malingering is captured by:
a pathogenic model
a criminological model
an adaptational model
an antisocial model
In general, how accurate do people tend to be when using verbal and non-verbal behaviour to detect deception (where a value of 100% indicates that they can accurately discriminate between truthful people and deceptive people all of the time)?
under 10%
between 25% and 35%
between 45% and 65%
around 25%
Which nonverbal cue has consistently been found to indicate deception?
smiling
gaze aversion
self-manipulations (e.g., fidgeting)
none of the above
Which of the following techniques has not been proposed as a method of detecting deception?
ERPs
fMRI
polygraph
TAT
A patient who actually has schizophrenia denies his auditory hallucinations when questioned by doctors. This patient is likely exhibiting:
defensiveness
Munchausen syndrome by proxy
factitious disorder
somatoform disorder
Which verbal indicator has been most strongly associated with deception?
speech fillers
voice pitch
speech pauses
speech errors (e.g., slips of the tongue)
A Polygraph test may be used to:
Verify a crime has occurred (victim is asked to take a polygraph test, which is rarely done)
Screen pre-employment candidates for security agencies and police
Verify insurance claims
all of the above
"During the first 20 years of your life, did you ever think of seriously hurting someone?" This is an example of what type of polygraph question?
a relevant question
an irrelevant question
a concealed information question
a comparison question
Which of the following is true of the polygraph?
Polygraph results are regularly admitted as evidence in Canadian courts.
The most common polygraph method used currently is the Comparison Question Test (CQT).
The polygraph directly measures whether a person is lying.
Research indicates that physical countermeasures are largely ineffective in "beating" the polygraph.
Most polygraph examiners using the Comparison Question Test (CQT) score according to the:
suspect's demeanour during the test
information from the case file
physiological responses
suspect's past criminal record
When using brain-based polygraph techniques, what does ERP stand for?
emotional response pattern
event response pattern
event-related brain potential
emotional-related brain potential
You have been falsely accused of stealing a laptop computer from a professor's office. The police have requested that you take a polygraph test to prove your innocence. In light of your knowledge of the types of errors most likely to be made by different types of polygraph exams, you agree to do so only if the examiner uses the:
comparison question test
relevant/irrelevant test
zone of comparison format of scoring
concealed information test
Several types of studies may be used to validate polygraph techniques. Which type of study would likely involve a comparison of the accuracy between original examiners and blind evaluators, using actual criminal suspects?
field analogue study
laboratory study
ground truth study
field study
Which of the following statements is true regarding the detection of deception?
People are generally better at detecting truth than detecting lies.
High-stake lies are easier to detect than low-stake lies.
Many professionals (e.g., police officers) are no better than detecting deception than the general population.
What has been identified as a major problem particular to the Comparison Question Test (CQT)?
high false-negative rate
high false-positive rate
the use of extra-polygraph cues by the examiner
falsely classifying guilty suspects as innocent
The first polygraph test was developed by:
Stephen Porter
William Marston
James Frye
Hugo Munsterberg
Susan gives her infant son various medications to make him appear like he is suffering from an unknown illness, and takes him regularly to doctors and the emergency room to assess these fake symptoms. This is an example of what disorder of deception?
Malingering disorder
Somatoform disorder
Non-deceptive disorder
Which of the following is not measured by the polygraph test?
heart rate
galvanic skin response
micro facial expressions
breathing
Laboratory studies of polygraph techniques have limited application to real-life situations because:
Study participants have no real incentive to beat the polygraph
Study participants have no real fear if they fail a polygraph.
Study participants have no real-life stress to measure.
All of the above
Which of the following is not a cue to malingered psychosis in criminal defendants?
hallucinations with delusions
understandable motive for committing crime
presence of a partner in the crime
visual hallucinations in black and white
According to your textbook, what is the most common physiological response measured when administering the Concealed Information Test (CIT)?
palmar sweating
blood pressure
eye blinks
What disorder consists of symptoms that are not intentionally produced but cannot be explained by an underlying biological impairment?
Munchausen syndrome
malingering disorder
What is one of the key components to malingering?
Symptoms are not intentionality produced.
There are only internal motivations for the production of symptoms.
There are external motivations for the production of symptoms.
Symptoms are produced in order to assume the sick role.
There is an absence of external incentives.
Which of the following has not been found effective as a countermeasure to "beat" the polygraph test?
tongue-biting
pressing toes on the floor
counting backwards
anti-anxiety drugs
Which of the following are potential applications of the polygraph in Canada?
Polygraph testing is used to screen prospective employees in certain agencies.
Polygraph results are used to pressure individuals to confess to a crime.
A polygraph test may be administered to verify insurance claims.
The Comparison Question Test has been criticized for:
being susceptible to countermeasures
having a high false–positive rate
assuming that innocent suspects will show larger responses to the comparison questions as compared to the relevant
According to the textbook, what is the primary issue surrounding the Neil v. Biggers (1972) case in relation to eyewitness accuracy?
the fact that the court stated that confidence of the witness should be seen as an indicator of accuracy
the fact that the witness was hypnotized and thus the information provided should not be admissible as accurate evidence in the trial
the fact that the witness was given a simultaneous rather than a sequential lineup
the fact that the witness was a child and thus the accuracy of her judgment was questionable
Which of the following statements is not correct concerning the outcome of hypnosis?
More information is recalled.
Participants report relatively more accurate information and less inaccurate information.
Participants express a high degree of confidence in their memory reports
It is not possible to determine which statements are erroneous and which are correct.
reinstating context, recalling, recognizing, and forgetting
Age regression can be a technique used in hypnosis.
The hypothesis that explains the cross-race effect in eyewitness testimony by suggesting that the more contact you have with other races the better you will be able to identify them is:
the interracial contact hypothesis
the cue-utilization hypothesis
the unusualness hypothesis
the prejudice hypothesis
the physiognomic homogeneity hypothesis
What is the major implication of the studies conducted on the misinformation effect in eyewitness research?
Memory is like a videotape.
Witnesses yield to authority
Memory is reconstructive.
Witnesses recall information accurately when under stress.
Memory typically gets better as witnesses get older.
On what four memory-retrieval techniques is the cognitive interview based?
reinstating context, reporting everything, reversing order, and changing perspective
reinstating context, recalling, recognizing, and answering questions
encoding, short-term memory, long-term memory, and retrieving
encoding, storing, retrieving, and forgetting
What is not an advantage of using a photo array rather than a live lineup for eyewitness identification?
Photo arrays are easier to construct than live lineups.
Suspect does not have the right to counsel being present with a photo array, whereas he/she does have that right with a live lineup
Photo arrays produce higher identification accuracy than live lineups.
A suspect need not be informed that he/she is being placed in a photo array, whereas with a live lineup he/she must be so informed
The police do not have to worry about the suspect's behaviour potentially invalidating the lineup.
Which Canadian case involving poor police techniques in collecting eyewitness evidence resulted in a set of recommendations for conducting lineup identifications?
Neil v. Biggers
R. v. Sophonow
R. v. Brooks
R. v. Reno
Brooks v. Biggers
An eyewitness is shown a picture of an individual who the police think is responsible for a recent bank robbery. No other lineup photos are shown. The eyewitness is asked to state whether the person in the photograph is the same individual seen in the bank. What sort of lineup procedure is being used here?
a showup
a simultaneous lineup
a sequential lineup
a walk-by
an elimination lineup
What type of decision is not possible with a target-present lineup?
correct identification
foil identification
false rejection
false identification
All of the above are possible identification decisions with the target-present lineup.
Which of the following would be considered an estimator variable in eyewitness research?
how light it was outside when the crime was witnessed
the room where the witness was interviewed
the number of police officers present during the interview
the time of day when the witness was interviewed
the type of lineup presented to the witness
Which of the following is true regarding age and eyewitness identification?
Older adults are just as likely as younger adults to make a false positive decision from a target-absent lineup
Generally, there are significant differences between younger and older adults' ability to make correct identifications.
Younger and older eyewitnesses do not differ in their correct identification rate or false positive rate.
Overall, older adult eyewitnesses have more difficulty than younger adult eyewitnesses in making correct rejection decisions.
Susan is being questioned by police after she witnessed a man rob a convenience store. The police are asking her questions about the culprit's appearance, and she finds that all she can remember is that the man had a gun. What is the term used to describe this recall situation?
recall obstruction hypothesis
retrieval impairment hypothesis
weapon focus
central superiority hypothesis
peripheral inferiority effect
Approximately what percentage of wrongful conviction cases (exonerated through DNA evidence) have been attributed to eyewitness identification?
under 50%
50-60%
60-70%
about 75%
over 95%
Which of the following statements is true with respect to the cognitive interview and enhanced cognitive interview?
The enhanced cognitive interview incorporates all the elements of the cognitive interview.
Only some officers in Canada have been trained to use the cognitive interview
No significant differences have been found between the effectiveness of the cognitive interview and that of the enhanced cognitive interview.
Compared to the standard police interview, the cognitive interview and enhanced cognitive interview produce more accurate information without an increase in inaccurate information.
Describing the actions of a culprit during a police interview relies on ______________, while identifying the culprit's voice from a set of voices relies on __________________.
narrative memory/refreshed memory
recall memory/recognition memory
natural memory/prompted memory
open-ended memory/direct question memory
Which of the following would be considered a system variable in eyewitness research?
whether the witness is intoxicated at the time of the offence
the age of the witness
the type of weapon used by the culprit
the interview procedure used by the police officer
the time at which the crime was committed
What is the difference between a suspect and a culprit?
The terms suspect and culprit can be used interchangeably; they mean the same thing.
suspect is innocent and a culprit is guilty.
A suspect is guilty and a culprit is innocent
A suspect can be guilty or innocent whereas a culprit is guilty.
A suspect is innocent and a culprit can be innocent or guilty.
What is the most common research method for studying eyewitness issues?
archival research
laboratory simulation study
recall study
recognition study
Overall, there is ______________ between the accuracy and the confidence of an eyewitness in the identification of a culprit.
a large positive correlation
a small positive correlation
no correlation
a small negative correlation
a large negative correlation
What typically happens when the eyewitness is told that the culprit may or may not be present in the lineup?
False positive identifications increase.
False positive identifications decrease.
Correct identifications increase
Correct identifications decrease
These instructions have no impact on identifications.
Which of the following topics seems to be of the LEAST interest to social psychologists?
discrimination
persuasion
personality
attraction
Sarah finds Charlie physically attractive. Because of _______________, she also sees him as personable and interesting.
the low-ball effect
a dispositional attribution
the halo effect
the matching hypothesis
Why is it that proximity is related to friendship formation?
We usually avoid attributing negative traits to people who are close at hand.
We are more likely to make contact with persons who are close at hand.
We are usually similar to people who are close at hand
We tend to perceive people who are close at hand as physically attractive.
With a well-informed audience, which of the following arguments is likely to be the most persuasive?
simplistic
one-sided
peripheral
two-sided
Behaviour that is aimed at helping others and requires some self-sacrifice is termed:
altruism.
non-normative helping.
normative helping
prosocial sacrifice.
The compliance technique in which a person who agrees to a small request is then presented with a larger request is:
the foot-in-the-door technique
the bandwagon technique.
the skyrocket technique
the door-in-the-face technique.
In the classic experiment conducted by Solomon Asch, the people who provided the pressure to conform would be called the:
experimenters.
naive subjects.
social loafers.
confederates.
naive subjects
The tendency to put forth less effort when working with others on a common task than when working alone is called:
social loafing
group polarization.
social inaction
social facilitation.
The mere-exposure effect is most strongly related to:
discrimination.
persuasion.
attraction.
prejudice
The blocking of an impulse or interference with the attainment of a goal is defined as:
crowding.
antisocial behaviour.
frustration.
aggression.
Which theory of prejudice is based on the idea that people tend to form in-groups and out-groups?
social cognitive theory
us versus them theory
social learning theory
realistic conflict theory
When it comes to attraction, the concept of reciprocal liking refers to the fact that:
people tend to be attracted to others who are at their same level of physical attractiveness.
people tend to like those whom they believe like them.
people tend to be attracted to attractive-looking people.
sometimes people dislike others before they start to like them.
The Stanford Prison Experiment conducted by Zimbardo demonstrated the powerful influence of
poverty.
money.
social class.
social roles.
Because of the bystander effect,
people are likely to demonstrate social loafing.
Kitty Genovese got help when she needed it.
participants in Milgram’s experiment obeyed.
you would be better off if only one person rather than many people witnessed you in need of help.
The matching hypothesis suggests
that opposites attract
a talkative person may seek a quiet mate who prefers to listen.
we are likely to end up with someone similar to ourselves in attractiveness and other assets
couples mismatched on attractiveness and other assets have relationships as long-lasting as other couples.
The social learning theory of aggression emphasizes all of the following except that
when aggressive responses are reinforced, they are more likely to continue.
aggressive responses are learned from the family, the subculture, and the media.
most aggression results from frustration.
aggressive responses are learned through modelling.
Audience effects and co-action effects are two concepts related to
obedience to authority.
social loafing.
bystander apathy
Which of the following is an accurate statement about the primacy effect?
the primacy effect continues to influence later impressions by becoming the framework through which other information is accepted or disregarded.
The primacy effect only affects initial impressions and has no bearing on later information that is gathered.
The primacy effect is a very small effect on impression formation
Once the primacy effect exists, people become most interested in information that is inconsistent with this initial impression.
Social psychology is the area in psychology that focuses on
human growth and development through across the lifespan.
the influence of other people on our emotions, thoughts and behaviour.
inner psychological conflicts which determine our personality.
the study of emotion and motivation.
Which of the following kinds of attributions do we tend to make more often for our own behaviour?
dispositional
internal
situational
unbiased
Which of the following statements is true of first impressions?
They are not particularly important nor should they influence us.
They act as a framework to interpret later information.
They are usually correct and require our full awareness.
They cannot be changed without a new first impression.
Usually people are attracted to others who are
opposites of them.
either similar or opposite
intellectually similar but physically dissimilar.
similar to them.
After their favourite team lost an important football game, a group of fans discussed means of retribution. Ultimately, they decided to break into and vandalize the opposing team’s locker room. They were subsequently arrested for doing so. This incident occurred because of the unfortunate effect of:
the mere-exposure effect.
the cohesion tendency
groupthink.
A strategy to gain compliance by making a very attractive initial offer to get a person to agree to an action and then making the terms less favourable is the
door-in-the-face technique.
obedience technique.
low-ball technique.
foot-in-the-door technique.
Conformity is to norm as:
group is to individual
change is to standards.
group is to culture.
standards are to change
When we attribute our own or another's behaviour to some external factor rather than to an internal cause, we are making a
dispositional attribution.
fundamental attribution error.
situational attribution.
false attribution
Students often report that when they work in a group, someone will not do their part to complete the group project. The person not doing enough to help the group is engaged in:
group polarization
social inaction.
The results of which study were most relevant to the contact hypothesis?
Sherif and Sherif’s Robbers Cave experiment
Asch’s conformity experiment
Zimbardo’s prison study
Milgram’s obedience experiment
The subjects in Milgram’s classic study were told that they were participating in:
a pain-perception experiment.
a learning experiment
an attribution experiment.
an obedience experiment
Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) share many of the same features. However, APD places more emphasis on:
antisocial behaviours
emotional deficits
gender
cognitive skills
Robert's parents feel he exhibits reckless behaviour, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse. Robert has been this way since birth, and his parents feel he has a difficult temperament. Robert might have:
psychopathy
avoidant personality disorder
affective disorder
borderline personality disorder
psychosis
The terms "psychopathy" and "sociopathy" are:
the same
completely unrelated
always used interchangeably
related but distinct concepts
According to Hare (1993) we are more likely to _____________ than be murdered by a psychopath.
lose our life savings to a psychopath
fall in love with a psychopath
work with a psychopath
be tricked by a psychopath
become friends with a psychopath
A diagnosis of psychopathy does fulfill the disease of the mind requirement but it has never fulfilled the second requirement of:
knowing the victim
not appreciating the nature or quality of the act
previously having been committed in a psychiatric institute
having spent a night in a psychiatric facility
Psychopaths differ from other offenders in what way?
They begin their criminal careers younger.
They persist longer.
Their use of violence lacks an emotional aspect.
They commit a greater variety of violent offenses.
Psychopathic rapists are more likely to be:
emotionally driven
anxious
opportunistic and vindictive
disorganized
In the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, _________ of offenders scoring10 or more on the PCL:SV had been convicted of an offense
5%
27%
57%
97%
In a study examining treatment outcomes in youth with high scores on the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version, the youth who received treatment in a correctional centre had:
lower reoffending rates than youth treated in a treatment centre
lower violent reoffending rates than youth treated in a treatment centre
twice the reoffending rates of youth treated in a treatment centre
twice the violent reoffending rates of youth treated in a treatment centre
_____ of offenders can be classified as psychopaths
1%–10%
10%–25%
30%–35%
40%–50%
The best research design to determine the extent to which family experiences influence the development of psychopathic traits is:
prospective longitudinal studies
retrospective studies
cross-sectional studies
experimental
Hervey Cleckley's book ____________________ provided one of the most extensive clinical descriptions of psychopaths.
The Psychopath
Evil People
The Mask of Sanity
Master Manipulator
Which Canadian researcher developed the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised?
Olson
Cleckley
Patrick
Hare
Hart
Psychopathic traits in youth are related to __________ but not _____________.
depression and anxiety; IQ scores and education
IQ scores and education; depression and anxiety
depression and anxiety; violence and aggression
delinquency and aggression; depression and anxiety
Factor 2 is most strongly related to reoffending, substance abuse, lack of education, and:
Emotional processing deficits
Predatory violence
Poor treatment response
Poor family background
The relatively small number of psychopaths account for:
relatively small amount of crime
relatively small amount of violent crime
proportionate amount of crime
disproportionately large amount of crime
If an individual scored between 20 and 30 on the PCL-R, what would we classify them?
psychopath
mixed group
nonpsychopath
average
Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) is given when there is evidence of conduct disorder before the age of 15 and:
a chronic pattern of disregarding the rights of others since age 2
a chronic pattern of disregarding the rights of others since age 15
a chronic pattern of rule violation since age 2
a chronic pattern of rule violation since age 15
The two theories of psychopathy are:
Response modulation deficit; affective theory
Startle-blink response; affective theory
Response modulation deficit; startle-blink response
Antisocial process screening; startle-blink response
In an experiment measuring cheating behaviours and psychopathy, the best predictor of cheating was:
low scores on the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale
low scores on the Psychopathy Checklist Revised
high scores on the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale
high scores on the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised
high scores on both the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale and the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised
In a study examining the use of instrumental motives, psychopaths engaged in instrumental murder in ______ of cases:
93%
77%
50%
34%
Olver and Wong (2009) found that psychopathic offenders who remained in treatment were:
more likely to violently reoffend
more likely to manipulate prison staff
less likely to violently reoffend
likely not to show any treatment gains
The most widely used self-report questionnaire to assess psychopathy are:
Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised
Self-Report Psychopathy Scale
Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised and the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised
Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised and the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale
Which of the following is not a function of the amygdala?
memory
decision making
language
defence reactions
In a study measuring psychopathy in a sample of community members ____ of these individuals scored zero on the PCL-SV.
10%
19%
44%
71%
The "faint hope clause" allows offenders convicted of murder to:
be released from prison after serving 5 years of their sentence
apply for parole before their eligibility date
apply for appeals
make special dietary request in prison
At least one major study has suggested that the higher rate of depression in women is largely due to:
social and cultural factors
genetic predisposition
chemical imbalances.
men suppressing their own depression.
Experts believe that most phobias are caused by
learning or observation of others
generalized anxiety.
psychodynamic conflict.
conformity to social expectations
____________________ disorders provide a mental escape from intolerable circumstances.
Somatoform
Anxiety
Dissociative
Post-traumatic stress
Although the term neurosis has not been used officially since 1980, it applied to people who
suffered from personal discomfort and distress and some impairment in functioning
lost touch with reality.
violated important social norms.
were more disturbed than those suffering from a psychosis
Delusions of grandeur and persecution are symptoms of:
dissociation disorder
anxiety disorder.
schizophrenic disorder.
panic disorder.
“Positive” symptoms of schizophrenia are so-called because they are:
present.
easy to treat.
diagnostic of the disorder.
desirable.
Which of the following does not describe people with antisocial personality disorder?
They fear punishment.
They are irresponsible.
They seldom feel guilt
They are selfish.
Connie adopts ritualistic behaviours to help reduce anxiety that occurs when unwanted thoughts intrude into her awareness. Connie is displaying symptoms of
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
dissociative disorder.
histrionic personality disorder.
conversion disorder.
The two major types of mood disorders are:
seasonal affective disorders and negative symptom disorders
manic disorders and depressive disorders.
depressive disorders and bipolar disorders.
major depressive disorders and secondary mood disorders.
Brigit is afraid to leave her house. She rarely goes outside, even just to check her mail. Her sister needs to drive her to the local supermarket for shopping, but even with this assistance, Brigit is very uncomfortable. Given these symptoms, it appears that Brigit suffers from
panic attacks
major depression.
social phobia.
agoraphobia.
Obsessions involve a
persistent, irresistible, irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedly.
generalized feeling of apprehension, fear, or tension that may be associated with a particular object or situation.
sudden loss of conscious and a failure to recall what took place during the episode.
persistent recurring involuntary thought, image, or impulse that invades consciousness and causes great distress.
Which of the following is not true of people suffering from a psychosis?
They have seriously impaired functioning in everyday life.
They rarely lose contact with reality.
They sometimes require hospitalization for their disorder.
They may have delusions or hallucinations
Lenora tends to perceive every event as negative. If the phone rings, she thinks it’s a salesperson trying to bother her. If it doesn’t ring, she thinks no one cares about her. These negative interpretations are at the root of her depression, according to the
psychodynamic perspective
social perspective
cognitive perspective
learning perspective.
Panic disorder, phobias, and obsessive-compulsive disorder are types of
somatoform disorders
anxiety disorders.
dissociative disorders.
mood disorders.
People suffering from a(n) _________________ disorder lack normal empathic responses.
antisocial personality
phobic
sleep
eating
The facial expressions, tone of voice, and gestures of people who suffer from schizophrenia often do not fit the situation. This is called
negative symptoms.
flatness of affect.
inappropriate affect.
delusional behaviour.
Pamela suffers from a rare disorder in which two distinct personalities exist, each dominating at particular times. The condition Pamela is suffering is called
dissociative identity disorder.
dissociative amnesia.
schizophrenia.
Low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine are believed to be connected to:
depression.
panic attacks.
paraphilias.
delusions
People who are convinced that every mole is skin cancer and every heart palpitation is a heart attack are most likely suffering from:
hypochondriasis
dysthymia
Which of the following perspectives suggests that faulty thinking or distorted perceptions contribute to some types of psychological disorders
The learning perspective
The biological perspective
The cognitive perspective
The humanistic perspective
People who experience excessive anxiety or worries that they find difficult to control are suffering from a:
panic attack
generalized anxiety disorder.
phobia.
compulsive disorder.
A disorder characterized by periods of extreme depression or mania is a ______________ disorder.
dissociative
mood
somatoform
Personality disorders from cluster B (including borderline and narcissistic) involve:
erratic, overly dramatic behaviour.
anxious, fearful behaviour.
odd behaviour.
depressed, withdrawn behaviour.
Personality disorders from cluster B (including borderline and narcissistic) involve
According to the criteria for defining abnormal behaviour, when a behaviour interferes with the quality of a person’s life, then it is considered:
dangerous to the person or to other people
a symptom of insanity.
maladaptive.
unusual in all cultures around the world.
What is the term for an irrational fear and avoidance of situations in which people believe they might embarrass or humiliate themselves by appearing clumsy, foolish, or incompetent?
Social phobia
Specific phobia
Agoraphobia
Complex phobia
The view that schizophrenia develops from both genetic predisposition and excessive stress is called
the dopamine activity model.
the causal model of schizophrenia.
the diathesis-stress model.
the socio-cultural model.
Which perspective emphasizes the role of the id, ego, and superego in defining psychological abnormality?
the cognitive perspective
the psychodynamic perspective
the learning perspective
the biological perspective
Compulsion is to ________ as obsession is to _________.
anxiety; depression
negative symptom; positive symptom
neurosis; psychosis
behaviour; thought
Paranoid, narcissistic, and histrionic are three types of:
dissociation disorders
personality disorders.
schizophrenias
